Functional and semantic types of speech. Description as a type of speech. Narration in various areas of communication. Text type: Narration

Date of writing: 25.03.2024

Reading time: 19 minutes

Reference

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Description is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point out such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eye color, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such characteristics as size, wall design, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, river, grass, sky or lake, etc. What is common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the appearance of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description and imagine it in his mind.

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific style the description of the subject must be extremely complete, and in an artistic style the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

A narrative is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person. This is the author's story. It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.

Such texts often use verbs in the past perfect form. But in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used simultaneously with them: a verb in the past tense form of the imperfect form makes it possible to highlight one of the actions, indicating its duration; present tense verbs allow you to imagine actions as if they were happening before the eyes of the reader or listener; forms of the future tense with the particle how (how will jump), as well as forms like clap, jump help to convey the swiftness and surprise of a particular action.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.

Example narration:

I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And when the baby pulls his paw, it hits me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned.

(B. Zhitkov)

Text 1

1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are round in shape, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight is 17-23 g. Average juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

2. The linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through the apple into the sun, it shines through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were black grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear and you could hear the seeds rattling.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

Assignments to the text:

1. Determine the style of each text.

2. Write down the adjectives, determine the gender. Number, case.

3. Determine the category of adjectives.

4. Parse the last sentence.

Control questions:

1. Name the functional and semantic types of speech.

2. Define description as a type of speech.

3. Define storytelling.

Glossary:

1. Description is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features.

2. Narration is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence.

Reasoning as a type of monologue. Types of reasoning. Linguistic features of speech types.

Reference

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.

The composition of the argument is as follows: the first part is the thesis, i.e., an idea that must be logically proven, justified or refuted; the second part is the rationale for the thoughts expressed, evidence, arguments supported by examples; the third part is the conclusion, the conclusion.

As a rule, the composition of the argument is built by model: thesis, proof (a series of arguments that use facts, inferences, references to authorities, obviously true provisions (axioms, laws), descriptions, examples, analogies, etc.) and conclusion.

Reasoning is typical primarily for scientific and journalistic texts, the task of which is to compare, summarize, generalize, justify, prove, refute this or that information, give a definition or explanation of a fact, phenomenon, event.

In scientific speech, there are such subtypes of reasoning as reasoning-explanation: There is a distinction between the so-called biographical author, that is, a historical figure, a private person (A.S. Pushkin, 1799 - 1837), and a creative author, whose ideas about the world and man are reflected in the work he creates (A.S. Pushkin, author of the novel "Eugene Onegin")(Dictionary of literary terms), and reasoning-inference: If the author-creator portrays himself in a work, then we can talk about the image of the author as a character in a work of art and consider him among other characters (the image of the author in A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”)(Dictionary of literary terms).

In literary texts, reasoning is used in the author’s digressions, explaining the psychology and behavior of the characters, when expressing the moral position of the author, his assessment of the depicted, etc.: There was a premonition that Moscow would be taken in Russian Moscow society in 1212.<…>Those who left with what they could seize, leaving their houses and half their property, acted this way due to that latent patriotism, which is expressed not by phrases, not by killing children to save the fatherland, etc. by unnatural actions, but which is expressed discreetly, simply, organically and therefore always produces the most powerful results(L. Tolstoy).

Genres of reasoning include scientific, popular science and journalistic articles, essays ([French essai - attempt, test, essay] - a work usually devoted to literary-critical, journalistic and philosophical topics and conveying the author’s individual impressions and thoughts about one or another subject or phenomenon The essay is characterized by a free composition: the sequence of presentation in it is subject only to the internal logic of the author’s thoughts, and the motivations and connections between parts of the text are often associative in nature: Picture in the reader: a barefoot old man. // I turned the page; // my imagination remained // cold. Either way - Pushkin: // cloak, rock, sea foam...(V. Nabokov).

In reasoning, there are often lexical signals of cause-and-effect relationships, unique markers of reasoning: introductory words and sentences firstly, secondly, therefore, so, in addition, finally, further, in conclusion and etc.; conditional and concessional complex sentences showing the presence of cause-and-effect relationships: It should be noted about the high school student: if he has become completely green, it means that he has matured in science and can receive a matriculation certificate. It's different with other fruits(A. Chekhov); interrogative constructions: What did it serve me that almost in my mother’s womb I was already a guard sergeant? Where has this got me?(A. Pushkin), etc.

Text 2

A strange thing is a book. There is something mysterious and mystical about her.

Yes, this is a strange thing - a book. It stands on the shelf quietly, calmly, like many other objects in your room. But then you pick it up, open it, read it, close it, put it on the shelf and... that’s it? Hasn't something changed in you? Let’s listen to ourselves: after reading the book, didn’t some new string sound in your soul, didn’t some new thought settle in your head? Don't you want to reconsider something in your character, in your relationships with people, with nature?

The book... This is a piece of the spiritual experience of humanity. As we read, we voluntarily or involuntarily process this experience and compare our life gains and losses with it. In general, with the help of a book we improve ourselves.

(N. Morozova)

Assignments to the text:

1. Highlight the compositional parts of the text.

2. Determine the genre of the text.

3. What type of reasoning does the text belong to?

4. Write an essay on the topic “A book in my life.”

5. Highlight reasoning markers.

6. Look at the table. Draw conclusions for each type of text.

Name of speech types	What question is answered in the statement?	What does the statement say?	The most characteristic time relations for types of speech	How is the statement of each type of speech constructed (their main elements)?
Narration	What does an object or person do or what happens to it?	About events and actions	Subsequence	The development of events and actions according to the scheme: exposition, the beginning of the development of the action, the climax, the denouement.
Description	What is the object or person?	About the signs of an object or phenomenon	Simultaneity	General impression (general sign and individual signs,
				possible conclusion)
Reasoning	Why is the object or face like this? Why does a person think and act this way and not otherwise?	About the causes of signs, events, actions	Different temporary relationships	Thesis (thought that is proven) arguments (evidence) conclusion.

7. Using the table, give a full description of the semantic type of text. Determine the main idea and style of the text.

Mikhailovsky Park is a hermit's shelter. This is a park where it's hard to have fun. He is a little gloomy with his centuries-old spruce trees, tall, silent and imperceptibly passes into centuries-old and deserted forests as majestic as himself. Only on the outskirts of the park, through the darkness that is always present under the arches of old trees, will a clearing suddenly open, overgrown with shiny buttercups, and a pond with quiet water. Dozens of small frogs pour into it.

(K. Paustovsky)

Glossary:

Reasoning is a verbal presentation, explanation, confirmation of any thought.

Thesis - Old Greekἡ θέσις (thésis) - a position, a statement put forward and then proven in some reasoning.

Control questions:

1. Define reasoning as a type of speech.

2. Name the types of reasoning.

3. What types of reasoning are used in a scientific style. What about the artistic style?

4. Name the means-markers of reasoning.

5. What genres of reasoning are distinguished?

Week 3

Subject: Functional speech styles. General characteristics of functional speech styles. Business style and its features. Main genres of documentation. Journalistic style and its features. Scientific style and its features. The main genres of scientific and educational texts are abstract, abstract, review. The general concept of the scientific style of speech, its difference from other functional styles. Genres of scientific style. Mass media.

Target: to form skills and develop abilities in types of speech activity: speaking, reading, listening, writing.

Reference

Styles- these are varieties of language due to differences in areas of communication and the main functions of language. In linguistics, the study of styles deals with such a special section as stylistics.

There are five spheres of communication (they are also called language situations): everyday life, science, law, politics, art. As for the main functions of language, there are three of them: communication, message, influence. Depending on speech situations and language functions, the following types of styles are distinguished:
conversational style (everyday sphere, communication function, less often - messages);
scientific (field of science, function of communication);
official business (sphere of law, message function);
journalistic (the sphere of politics and art, functions of communication and influence);
artistic (sphere of art, function of emotional impact).

Types of speech

Narration

The main types of speech are narration, description, reasoning.

IN narration usually refers to actions and events that occur sequentially.

WHAT'S HAPPENING with a person, an object?

The narrative text is dominated by Verbs , time circumstances expressed in words are often used first, then, then, suddenly, soon, finally, after that and etc.

The narrative text can be shown using several photographs (depending on the events narrated).

Construction of a narrative text

1) What happened at the beginning of the action, event - plot.

3) The most tense moment in the development of events - climax .

4) How the events ended - denouement .

Example

I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And the baby will pull his paw and hit me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned. B. Zhitkov

Description

Text- description is a text that describes the characteristics of something. These signs appear at the same point in time, i.e. are simultaneous.

We often find descriptive text in fiction. In order to vividly, clearly, figuratively depict something, writers use expressive means of language: epithets, metaphors, personifications . They are called paths .

The narrative answers the questionWHAT person, object?

In the text- description prevail adjectives and participles. Description can be shown with one photo.

Construction of descriptive text

1) General impression (general sign).

2) Individual signs object, person, phenomenon. Description of details, parts of an object

3) Description of the most interesting parts details subject. When describing a person, it is possible to directly characterize him, to describe his character traits.

4) Possible conclusion .

Example:

He rushed like a bird, hitting the ground hard and often with his legs, which suddenly became strong, like two steel springs. Artaud galloped next to him, bursting into joyful barking. Behind him, a janitor rumbled heavily on the sand, furiously growling some curses. A. Kuprin

Reasoning

Text- reasoning - this is a text that proves something, explains something. It usually talks about the causes of events, the relationship of events.

Reasoning answers the questionWHY did this or that event happen?

In the text- reasoning n II prevail adverbs. Reasoning cannot be shown through photography. The following words and figures of speech are often used in reasoning:

I believe that...

The main idea of the text is...

Firstly, secondly, thirdly.... therefore....

For example, ...

According to...

So, ...

Thus, ...

Construction of a reasoning text

Thesis - something that needs to be proven (what I think).

Evidence, argument (why do I think so).

Example , which confirms evidence: from one’s own life, an episode from a book read, the opinion of a famous person.

Conclusion from everything that has been said.

Example

The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, with a word you can separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred. Beware of such a word that divides people.

L.N. Tolstoy

IN narrative text may be included description elements (landscape, interior, appearance of an animal, human character) and elements of reasoning .

Descriptions make the picture visible, and reasoning provides explanations for certain facts and explains their reason.

Example

By the sea

There was a strong storm at night. The wind was blowing fiercely. The whole house shook from the storm. The sea waves roared menacingly. By morning the storm gradually subsided. Natasha and Seryozha went for a walk to the sea. The girl picked up a small helpless crustacean from the sand. At night the waves threw him onto the seashore. The crustacean moved its paws weakly. Natasha threw the poor guy into the water. He tumbled in the green water and quickly swam away. A fish was swimming on its side in a coastal puddle. The boy caught her and quickly released her into the sea. Then Seryozha found two helpless snails. They were almost dry and also needed help. On this day, Seryozha and Natasha saved many sea inhabitants.

Types of speech in Russian

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into description, narration, and reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features. Based on the functional semantic features in the Russian language, the following types of speech are distinguished:

narration. Conveys action in development in time sequence.description. Characterizes static pictures, conveys their details.reasoning. Conveys the development of thought regarding the subject of thought.You can read about speech styles in another article. Now let's look at each type separately.Description - this is an image of a phenomenon of reality, an object, a person by listing and disclosing its main features. For example, when describing a portrait, we will point out such features as height, posture, gait, hair color, eye color, age, smile, etc.; the description of the room will contain such characteristics as size, wall design, furniture features, number of windows, etc.; when describing a landscape, these features will be trees, river, grass, sky or lake, etc. What is common to all types of description is the simultaneity of the appearance of features. The purpose of the description is for the reader to see the subject of the description and imagine it in his mind.The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific one, the description of the subject must be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.

Examples of descriptions in scientific and artistic style.1. Apple tree - ranet purple - frost-resistant variety. The fruits are round in shape, 2.5-3 cm in diameter. Fruit weight is 17-23 g. Average juiciness, with a characteristic sweet, slightly astringent taste.

Narration - this is a story, a message about an event in its time sequence. The peculiarity of the narrative is that it talks about successive actions. All narrative texts have in common the beginning of the event (commencement), the development of the event, and the end of the event (denouement). The narration can be conducted from a third person.This is the author's story.It can also come from the first person: the narrator is named or designated by the personal pronoun I.

Examplenarrations:

The thesis must be clearly provable, clearly formulated, the arguments must be convincing and in sufficient quantity to confirm the thesis put forward. There must be a logical and grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments (as well as between individual arguments). For the grammatical connection between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are often used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. In argumentative texts, sentences with conjunctions are widely used: however, although, despite the fact that, because. Example reasoning:The development of word meanings usually proceeds from the particular (concrete) to the general (abstract). Let's think about the literal meaning of such words as education, disgust, previous. Education literally means feeding, disgust means turning away (from an unpleasant person or object), previous means going ahead.

Words-terms denoting abstract mathematical concepts: “segment”, “tangent”, “point”, come from very specific verbs of action: cut, touch, stick (poke). In all these cases, the original concrete meaning takes on a more abstract meaning in the language.Also see the article on description, narration and reasoning.

Speech: types and forms of speech

Human language exists in the form of separate languages - Russian, English, Chinese and many others. Well, in what form does each individual language exist? Of course, not in the form of dictionaries and grammars compiled by scientists. After all, dictionaries and grammars are not compiled for all languages. Where they are compiled, even the best of them obviously provide only a more or less approximate and far from complete reflection of what exists in a language objectively, that is, independently of the scientists describing it. We can say that a language exists in the minds of its speakers. But even such an answer cannot satisfy us. Let's think about how language arises in the minds of each individual person. We have already said that it is not “innate”, inherited. The term “mother tongue” does not mean “innate,” but only “acquired in early childhood.” Language penetrates into the consciousness of every person, of course, “from the outside”; it penetrates because other people around him use this language. Following their example, the person himself begins to use it from childhood. And, on the other hand, the language is gradually forgotten, and in the end it completely disappears from memory (even the native language) if a person for some reason stops using it. From all this it is clear that one can speak of the true existence of a language only insofar as it is used. Language exists as a living language because it functions. And it functions in speech, in statements, in speech acts.

Speech is a historically established form of communication between people through linguistic structures created on the basis of certain rules. The process of speech involves, on the one hand, the formation and formulation of thoughts by linguistic (speech) means, and on the other hand, the perception of language structures and their understanding.

There are two forms of speech:

oral speech;

written speech.

The types of speech are:

speaking - sending sound signals carrying information;

listening - perception of sound signals and their understanding;

writing - the use of visible graphic symbols to convey a message;

reading - perception of graphic symbols and their understanding.

Task A29, like the subsequent ones, involves working with text. In the presented passage, you need to determine the type of speech. To do this, you need to carefully read the text, and then start completing the task.

There are three types of speech:
narration
description
reasoning

It often happens that the text is a narrative with elements of description or a narrative with elements of reasoning. To understand the types of speech, you need to remember their definitions. So,

Narration- this is a story, a message about an event that occurs in time sequence. Actions take place one after another and you can distinguish the beginning of the event (plot), its development and the end (plot). The narration is conducted either from the third or first person. The most characteristic of the narrative are various verb forms that convey the development of action. The following words can be used in the narrative: first, first of all, first of all; then, then, after that; finally, finally, in conclusion. Denorative sentences can be used in the narration.

Example: I began to stroke Yashka’s paw and thought: just like a child’s. And tickled his palm. And the baby will pull his paw and hit me on the cheek. I didn’t even have time to blink, and he slapped me in the face and jumped under the table. He sat down and grinned. (B. Zhitkov)

Description- is a verbal image of a phenomenon, object or person. This type of speech is used to convey the state of reality, images of nature, terrain, interior, and human appearance. In the description, the author needs to convey the qualities and properties of objects, and not any actions, as in a narrative. Therefore, the description is characterized by the use of adjectives and nouns to a greater extent. The author uses various figurative and expressive means more often than in other types of speech. The description is static, all the signs characterizing the object appear simultaneously.

Example: The linden apples were large and transparent yellow. If you look through the apple into the sun, it shines through like a glass of fresh linden honey. There were black grains in the middle. You used to shake a ripe apple near your ear and you could hear the seeds rattling. (According to V. Soloukhin)

Reasoning- this is a statement in which the causal relationship of events and phenomena is established. Reasoning has a clear composition: thesis (main idea) - reflections, reasoning, arguments, evidence - conclusion, conclusion. A logical and grammatical connection is traced between the thesis and arguments, introductory words are used: firstly, secondly, finally, so, therefore, in this way. The author's goal is to convince his reader of something. The evidential part uses complex sentences. Quotes, proverbs, and examples from life can be used as arguments.

Texts of artistic and journalistic style can use narratives with elements of description (for a visual and figurative representation of characters, the scene of action) and narratives with elements of reasoning (to express the author’s attitude towards the depicted).

Now we read the text again:

(1) A long time ago, probably in 1987, I saw a short film made by a boy. (2) The film is very simple. (3) We see on the screen a tree drawn by a child’s hand, then the sound of a chainsaw is heard. (4) The cut tree falls. (5) Long pause. (6) And suddenly his white silhouette floats up from the tree. (7) And we understand that his soul flew out of him. (8) Now the author of this film is probably twenty-eight years old. (9) And I keep thinking - who has he become, this boy? (10) It seems to me that having made such a film, its author is not capable of bad deeds. (11) In every living thing he will feel its soul. (12) Why are fairy tales written? (13) There are many answers: for cherished dreams, for fun, in order to suddenly open the world through a fairy tale, in order to please the person close to you. (14) Through a fairy tale the world is made alive. (15) Animals, trees, grass, the sun, the moon talk in it. (16) Living beings help each other or deceive each other. (17) Some animals are arrogant, others are cowardly, others are strong, ready to come to your aid. (18) They have a brave heart. (19) The fairy tale teaches kindness and the desire to help the weak, teaches empathy and humor. (20) The fairy tale tells about unknown countries that have yet to be discovered. (21) A fairy tale opens up your imagination, because its absence can be a disaster for people and even for the country. (22) A person without imagination is not able to understand the pain of others. (23) For example, the fairy tale “The Fox and the Hare” is about how fear has big eyes. (24) That for a cowardly soul, an insolent creature unknown to it may seem like a terrible beast that cannot be defeated. (25) And the strong, but with a cowardly soul, loses his head and suffers defeat. (26) And only the Cockerel, despite his smallness, having a brave heart, defeats the Fox. (27) But the fairy tale is also about the triumph of justice, because the little person to whom the fairy tale is read must be firmly convinced that truth exists on earth. (28) If in early childhood a child experiences injustice and remains with this feeling and no one helps him, then he has nowhere to hide from this injustice; he can only retreat into himself. (29) And then a feeling of horror develops in him, he lives with a feeling of the hostility of the world. (30) A fairy tale with a fair ending removes this burden, which is why it is also psychological therapy. (31) It creates balance in a child’s soul and instills joy. (32) Growing up, the child will begin to comprehend complex truths and learn life. (33) And the first step to this is a fairy tale. (34) The main thing is that a growing person does not lose the feeling of the living world. (35) He must look around carefully, be inside the literary word, poetry, then the world will constantly open up for him with new facets.

(Yu. B. Norshtein)

Yu. B. Norshtein - artist, animator, director of famous cartoons (“Hedgehog in the Fog”, “The Fox and the Hare”, “Tale of Tales”, “The Overcoat”, etc.)

The answer options are as follows:

1) description

2) storytelling and reasoning

3) reasoning

4) narration and description

We classify the text in the demo version as a narrative with elements of reasoning (answer 2). The author tells us an incident from childhood and, based on these memories, talks about the fairy tale and its role in the life and development of every person.

A narrative is a statement that gives an idea of the sequential development of an action. Function: convey the dynamics of the action, show where the action began and how it ended.

Narration as a type of speech is very common in genres such as memoirs and letters.

Example narration:

The message and its signs. Editing a message

Description, its types and characteristics. Editing a description

Depending on the content of the statement, our speech can be divided into the following types: description, narration, reasoning. Each type of speech has distinctive features.

Information description and its characteristics. Processing information descriptions

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in a scientific one, the description of the subject must be extremely complete, and in an artistic one, the emphasis is placed only on the most striking details. Therefore, the linguistic means in the scientific and artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one: there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons and various figurative uses of words are very common.