Toxic reticular melanosis - clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment. Skin melanosis: causes, symptoms and treatment Skin melanosis treatment

MELANOSIS(melanosis), or melanopathy (me-lanopathia), pat. a condition of the body in which the melanin pigment accumulates in excess quantities in those places where it is usually found, i.e. in the skin, causing the latter to acquire all shades of brown or smoky gray, and also appears in places where it would normally never appear found (in mucous membranes and internal organs). M. of the skin is also called melasma (telanoderma) and can be congenital or acquired (the term “nigrism” means essentially the same thing). M. can spread evenly to all integuments of the body or occupy only limited areas of it. If the process involves the entire body, then it is noted that uncovered areas of the skin (head, arms), then such places that are usually more pigmented (breast nipple, genitals, armpit, etc.), and finally such areas which are subject to stronger mechanical influences (skin folds and constrictions, linea alba), are pigmented more intensely than other integuments of the body. - Diffuse M. of the skin is observed in cases of internal secretion disorder, with diseases of the genital organs, hemochromatosis, and with pernicious anemia , with suffering leading to marasmus and cachexia, in old age; with certain intoxications (arsenic, salvarsan), in certain cases in occupationally hazardous industries (see below) and with increased irradiation with light rich in ultraviolet rays. Limited!, skin occurs around hron. inflammatory foci or at the site of former inflammatory processes, during pregnancy, menopause and lice. In addition, focal M. (congenital) occurs in the form of freckles and birthmarks. - In cases of diffuse M. of the skin, all integuments darken, acquire a yellow-brown, smoky gray or bronze tint. Coloring depends, on the one hand, on an increase in the amount of pigment in the epidermis, on the other, on the accumulation of melanin in the corium chromatophores. The appearance of diffuse melasma in connection with certain diseases of the internal secretion organs is especially pronounced (sometimes in combination with M. oral mucosa) appears when the adrenal glands are damaged (see. Addison's disease). The essence of the relationship between pigment metabolism and the adrenal glands has not yet been fully elucidated; It is assumed that the loss of adrenal function causes the accumulation of tyrosine and dioxyphenylalanine in the skin, which are processed into melanin by the skin epithelium. Some authors also suggest an increase in the content of tyrosinase in the skin. M. of the skin is also observed with Bazedov's disease and tetany; however, it is unknown whether M. arises as a result of the direct action of the corresponding affected glands or is caused by a simultaneously existing dysfunction of the adrenal glands or gonads. It is well known that a change or disorder in the function of the latter (female diseases, menopause, pregnancy) can lead to the occurrence of melasma, especially pregnancy, in which diffuse skin m. or (more often) limited pigmentation on the skin may occur. open parts of the body. On the face they are designated as chloasma.uterimim and are gray or brownish spots on the nose and forehead*. chin, upper lip and eyelids. Melasma has also been described in pubertas praecox. The diffuse smoky gray or bronze coloration of the skin in hemochromatosis is also based on the accumulation of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis and in the cells of the skin itself. However, it should be remembered that with this disease, another pigment (hemosiderin) accumulates in the thickness of the skin and its appendages. The dependence of increased skin pigmentation on diseases accompanied by general cancer, anemia and marasmus (tbc, chronic syphilis, malaria, malignant neoplasms), as well as melasma that appears in old age, is still completely unclear. In this case, changes in the skin can be further aggravated by hyperkeratosis and hypertrophy of the papillae, resulting in the picture of acanthosis nigricans: the skin thickens, darkens, and becomes similar to shagreen. It is possible that these changes are based on some “toxic” influences or on increased protein breakdown, which is known to be important for the formation of melanin. Finally, the mechanism of development of limited skin pigmentation that occurs in the vicinity or at the site of specific and nonspecific chronic inflammation. Pigmentation along the periphery of syphilitic papules is well known; accumulation of melanotic pigment around inflammatory infiltrates in condylems; increase in pigment in place of the tubes. lesions of the skin and MP. etc. This should also include the so-called. urticaria pigmentosa is a disease that begins in early childhood and is characterized by a large accumulation of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis of the affected areas. Limited skin M. also occurs at the site of scratching during pediculosis; in addition, due to former hemorrhages and ulcerations, especially in the case of enlargement of the lower leg (ulcus cruris) and as a result of insect bites. During hemorrhage, hemosiderin is always involved in pigmentation, which, however, is never deposited in the epithelium of the skin, but always only in the corium. Unna associates the appearance of M. in the vicinity of skin hemorrhages with the local breakdown of red blood cells, i.e. That is, with the release of protein substances from the blood, which are perceived by the cells of the epidermis and processed by them into melanin. Therefore, Unna calls the melanin formed during hemorrhage hemomelanin and contrasts it with ordinary “epithelial” melanin. M. colon (see. Intestines). Research by Pick and Brahn has established that the pigment in intestinal malignancy is true melanin, formed here under the influence of oxidative enzymes from aromatic protein complexes (tyrosine, phenylalanine, etc.), which are produced in abundance in the large intestine during the breakdown of protein molecules and absorbed by the mucous membrane. It is noted that hron. constipation or 76C processes in the intestine leading to its narrowing aggravate the phenomenon of hyperpigmentation and that the presence of pigment microscopically can be detected much more often than macroscopically.-T. O. The etiology of the described acquired melanotic hyperpigmentations is still far from clear and is apparently not homogeneous, just as the melanin itself, found in one case or another, is not homogeneous. Presumably, it should be assumed that the basis of these hyperpigmentations is the increased supply to the tissues that produce melanin of the material from which it is formed, i.e., protein substances. Such material in excess quantities can enter the cell from the outside (during inflammatory processes) or be formed within the cell itself through increased dissimilation (during toxic, cachectic, and other conditions). The process of pigment formation is completed with the accumulation of the corresponding oxidative enzymes in the tissues and with the participation of Light in certain cases. Apparently the situation is somewhat different with the emergence of certain profs. melano-derm iy. Prof. M., developing as a result of the action of light on the skin, sensitized by photodynamic substances of the acridine and anthracene series (when working with coal tar, resins, lubricating oils, oil, etc.), are clinically characterized by the presence of a large number of clogging agents against the general dirty-brown background follicles of comet-shaped black plugs, some of which later turn into foliculitis and acne; in larger elements of the lesion, the formation of pustules is observed. Along with this, there are psoriasis-like and warty (Ehrmann) rashes. Most often and most sharply, these changes are expressed on the extensor surfaces of the forearms, on the back of the hands and main phalanges of the fingers; They are often observed on the neck, hips and torso. Hyperpigmentation of the skin of the face and neck often occurs simultaneously, which is always preceded by inflammatory phenomena (mostly in spring and summer) in the form of swelling and hyperemia, accompanied by itching. When eliminating Prof. Unfortunately, these changes slowly develop back, leaving pigmentation and sometimes small follicular scars. Prevention of these prof. Melasma consists of Ch. arr. in supplying workers with overalls, in mechanizing production, in rational ventilation and in observing the rules of personal hygiene (daily washing of the whole body). Essentially, here too, there is an accumulation of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis and the cells of the skin itself, while such hyperpigmentation occurs only on open parts of the body exposed to the action of Light. Due to the fact that such a phenomenon (“tar skin”, “tar melanosis ") occurs not only when the relevant substances are directly exposed to the skin, but also when they penetrate the body by ingesting dust particles and inhaling vapors, it can be assumed that in this case M. develops not so much as a result of the direct effect of the mentioned factors on the skin. , as a result of increased photosensitivity of the skin; it is known that anthracene, acridine, phenanthrene and many other substances contained in coal tar have photosensitizing properties. Cases of photodermatoses have also been described in electric welders working in conditions of exposure to ultraviolet rays (voltaic). arc at a current strength of 150 to 300 amperes). In view of the fact that in some of these cases porphyrinuria is simultaneously observed in patients, it is possible that these M. are explained by the activation of the skin to light. On the other hand, some electric welders observe -. photodermatosis without the presence of porphyrinuria. Freckles are an example of congenital pigment abnormalities. Inherited M. can also include a peculiar genotypic disease xeroderma pigmentosum, as well as the so-called. my neck spots(cm.). Some people also consider unilateral heterohyperchromia of the eye, which they call melanosis iridis, to be congenital hyperpigmentation. This also apparently includes M. of the eye (melanosis oculi), i.e. such a change in it. with Krom, in various membranes and adnexal parts (mucous eyelids, cornea, iris, sclera, choroid, nipple, etc.) an excess pigment content is detected, which is located diffusely, due to which the affected parts acquire a slate-bluish , brown or even black color, then in the form of small or large spots. On the cornea (sometimes of both eyes), spots may have a characteristic spindle shape, elongated in a vertical direction (“Krukenberg’s spindle”). Birthmarks are also a certain developmental defect in the sense of hyperpigmentation. In themselves, they are an example of local limited M. of the skin, while malignant melanomas emanating from them can become a source of diffuse M. of both the skin and bone marrow and all internal organs (according to the literature, only the central nervous system remains unaffected, but according to observations E. Herzenberg and in the brain, accumulation of pigment in glial elements and diffuse saturation of capillary walls with melanotic pigment is possible). In this case, both the skin and all organs, especially the liver, spleen, kidneys and lungs, as well as the bone marrow, turn out to be painted smoky gray, and sometimes even completely black; This depends on the fact that melanin accumulates in large quantities in the cells of connective tissue, vascular endothelium, reticuloendothelium and some epithelial elements (kidneys, lungs). It is believed that it is released during the disintegration of the melanotic tumor and its metastases and in dissolved, partly reduced (colorless) state in the form of melanogen floods the circulatory system, leading to melanemia (Transudate and urine can also be colored - see. Melanuria.) From the blood and other fluids, melanogen is absorbed by the above-mentioned cellular elements. oxidizes into melanin, which, accumulating in the form of grains and lumps, gives the corresponding organs and skin a characteristic color. Despite the fact that the previously described diffuse M. of the skin and that M. of the skin and internal organs, which is observed in malignant melanomas, have the same morphol. picture, they are essentially deeply different processes: in the first case, hyperpigmentation occurs due to an increase in melanin, autochthonously produced by the cell itself, hyperpigmentation in the second case is only a consequence of the fact that the cells absorb pigment or pro- 7(57 70S pigment (melanogen), formed in another place and brought by the blood flow.E. Hertzenberg. Melanosis corii degenerativa ■Siemens is a rare pigmented skin abnormality first described by Sulzberger (1928) under the name “incontinentia pigmenti”; begins at an early age or exists from birth; clinically characterized by spotty, web-like, irregularly striped, star- and spider-like pigmentations of a peculiar steel-gray or dirty chocolate-brown color, sometimes with a liquid-bluish tint, appearing on the skin of the trunk, head and limbs. After b. or m. long-term existence of pigmentation spontaneously develop back, sometimes leaving partial atrophy. Histologically in the upper parts of the skin itself, ch. arr. in the papillary and subpapillary layers, an abundant accumulation of pigment is found; connective tissue cells filled with pigment lie so densely at the very dermo-epidermal border that they appear to be in “contact” with the basal cells. The latter are swollen, poorly colored, their nuclei are deformed, and they either do not contain pigment at all or have only a small amount of it. You can think about functions. anomalies of basal cells, which are due to the patent. the permeability of the cell membrane to melanin releases all or almost all of the melanin they produce into the dermis (“pigment incontinence” according to Sulzberger). Naegeli observed familial melanosis corii degenerativa in a father and two daughters. The recognition of melanosis corii degenerativa as a nevus is contradicted by the reverse development of pigmentation that is usually observed. Riehl's melanosis is a peculiar skin disease first noted at the end of the World War (1917) in Germany by Riehl. Clinically, Riehl's melanosis "is characterized by the appearance for no apparent reason of persistent spotty and diffuse pigmentation, mainly on exposed parts of the body. Riehl's melanosis begins with itching, after which in some cases slight hyperemia and peeling appear, in most cases without of any inflammatory phenomena, light and dark brown coloration of individual skin areas develops, sometimes with a bluish-gray tint, the cheeks, forehead and lateral surfaces of the neck are usually most intensely affected; the process often affects the scalp and the back of the fingers, sometimes the closed parts of the body are affected; contacting surfaces (armpits, etc.). Pigment spots are often associated with follicles; often, at the same time there is follicular hyperkeratosis, especially pronounced on the back of the fingers and on the scalp. Pigmentation lasts for a very long time. Kerl, who observed 17 cases of M. Riehl in the Vienna clinic, never saw a complete reverse development of pigmentation. The general condition is never disturbed. Both sexes are affected (slightly more often women); occupation and age do not play a role. - Histologically, a small circle-locellular infiltrate is found in the area of ​​the superficial vascular network; There are many pigment lumps above the infiltrate; strong vascularization; swelling of the papillae; in places loosening of the Malpi-Hian layer; hyperkeratosis; in some places there are horny plugs in the follicles. The main role in the occurrence of M. Riehl is apparently played by some kind of skin sensitizer in relation to light (photosensitizer). Riehl and his school are looking for this sensitizer in foods; according to Kerle, in Germany, wartime bread (most of M. Riehl’s known cases falls on this) contained flour from legumes, which, in Riele’s opinion, could play the role of such a photosensitizer (hence the name for M. Riehl “Kriegsmelanose” , military M.). Habermann sees a sensitizer in the anthracene-acridine derivative, the vapors of which (in dust, etc.) sensitize the skin to the effects of various irritations, including light. A number of authors subscribe to Habermann’s view. M. Riel must be distinguished from the prof. melasma (tar and resin M.; see above), associated with the external action of various lubricating oils, tar, coal, pitch, crude petroleum jelly, etc., as well as from melanodermitis toxica lichenoides (et bullosa) Hoffmann (E. Hoffmann), in which follicular hyperkeratosis and acne-like foliculitis come to the fore, hl. Darier). With M. Riel there is never an acute inflammatory stage preceding pigmentation, which is almost always expressed in cases of prof. melasma (with the so-called Schmier-oldermatitis, Vaselindermatitis, etc.). With M. Riehl, the participation of the endocrine apparatus is likely. - Prevention consists of protecting patients from the effects of sunlight, since it worsens the course of the process. - Treatment consists of the possible elimination of toxic products (being a supposed sensitizer or containing it); Locally, rubbing in resorcinol OR salicylic alcohol is recommended.L. Mashkilleyson. Lit.: Glauberzoy S., About wartime melanoses, Rus. Vestn. dermat., 1927, MS; Pak I., On the issue of “tar skin” and “tar melanoses”, 1929, No. 7 (lit.); Habermann R., tlber die sog. Kriegsmelanosen u. Hire Beziehungen zu den Teer- u. Schmier61schadigungder Haut, Dermat. Zeitschr., B. XXX, 1920; Handbuch der allgemeinen Pathologic hrsg v. L. Krelil u. F. Marchand, B. Ill, Abt. 2-Patholo"gische Pigmentierung, Lpz., 1921; H o i f m a n n E., t)ber eine eigenartigc Form dcr Melanodermie (Melanodermatitis toxica lichenoidea et bullosa), Dermat. Ztscbr., B. XXVII, 1919; Kerl W., Cber die "Melanose Riehl", Arch. f. Syph., Band CXXX, 1921; , Arch. f. Derm. u. Syph., B. CLVII, 1929;

Melanosis is a large amount of melanin pigment accumulated in the body. Strong pigmentation appears in certain areas of the skin. The pathology is most often diagnosed in women of childbearing age. The problem causes discomfort because it is visible visually and treatment is difficult. Any therapy initiated will bring only slight relief, and lifestyle changes are often advised as preventive measures.

Etiology

Experts identify several reasons why melanopathy may develop:

• pathological processes in the body, for example, diseases of the ovaries, adrenal glands, abnormalities in the functioning of the thyroid gland;
• intoxication of the body with toxic agents - , : signs of the disease will be clearly expressed;
• the entry of infections into the body, after which quite serious diseases develop - these include,;
• the last stage of lice, when the mucous membrane is damaged;
• poor nutrition, which over time causes metabolic disorders in the layers of the epidermis;
• heredity - most often the disease is transmitted from mother to baby.

The main factors that influenced the development of the disease depend on its type, because the causes can be very different. The patient’s predisposition to various pathologies will help determine this or that factor. Treatment will be aimed at the original source of the disease.

Classification

This disease in medicine is divided into several types. Each has its own reasons for its appearance, as well as signs. But there are experts who suggest that the disease is not divided into types, but its subtypes are different stages of the development of the disease.

For example, melanosis of the skin can be divided into the following types:

• uremic - begins to manifest itself in acute cases;
• hepatic - mainly occurs with, but it can also appear with other liver pathologies;
• cachectic - observed during advanced diseases that occur in severe forms (this includes tuberculosis, pathologies of the adrenal glands);
• endocrine - more often occurs with diseases of the thyroid gland or malfunction of the pituitary gland;
• toxic - it is diagnosed in case of severe poisoning of the body, because of this there is a second name - arsenic melanosis, it can manifest itself in case of hydrocarbon poisoning; poisoning can be obtained if you work with gasoline, kerosene or machine oil without additional protection.

In addition to the fact that melanopathy is divided into these types, there are also narrow varieties that are very difficult, and often therapy consists of surgery.

The most dangerous of them:

• , appears during hormonal imbalances;
• Becker's disease occurs in young men;
• Dubreuil's melanosis, diagnosed in women after fifty years of age, also called Dubreuil's melanosis;
• , appears in the form of flat-type pigments;
• Moynahan syndrome, which is characterized by the appearance of many pigments.

There are other types of pathology:

1. Smoker's melanosis - this type is characterized by discoloration of the oral mucosa caused by smoking. Brown pigment spots appear on the gums of the lower jaw, on the palate, on the bottom of the mouth and even on the inner surface of the cheeks. This is not a precancerous condition, but it is still necessary to see a doctor, because this can further provoke the development of a tumor and inflammation.
2. Intestinal melanosis is the deposition of melanin in the intestinal mucosa. Elderly women with chronic diseases and frequent illnesses suffer more often. Symptoms of the pathology are quite pronounced in diseases of the pancreas and liver. Sometimes melanosis of the entire colon, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes is diagnosed.
3. Melanosis of the eye is an anomaly in the development of the frontal surface of the sclera, it can be congenital or acquired. Developing melanosis of the sclera of the human eye appears in the form of spots. Congenital melanosis of the sclera appears only on one side and begins to increase in the first year of life; this includes melanosis of the conjunctiva (congenital and acquired) and melanosis that occurs on the retina.
4. Melanosis of the skin.
5. Melanosis of growing nails, also known as striped nails. Vertical stripes on the nail plate, brown or black. Their formation occurs in the nail root. This may be a sign of cancerous melanoma or other abnormalities that need to be treated urgently.
6. Neurocutaneous melanosis - congenital large pigments, often even with hair, covering the back, buttocks and thighs.

Regardless of the type of melanosis, its treatment should begin with identifying the provoking causes.

Diagnostics

Diagnostics consists of the following activities:

• Wood's lamp examination;
• dermoscopy;
• histological examination of the epidermis;
• biopsy;

Conduct standard laboratory tests.

Treatment

Diagnosis and treatment of any type of disease is carried out only by a qualified specialist. Treatment will be aimed at eliminating the symptoms that have arisen, and most importantly, at the very cause of the pathology. Initially, the reason why the disease occurred is established.

The first steps in case of a toxic form are to protect the patient from the irritant. Treatment will be aimed at restoring the functioning of internal organs that have been affected.

The following are used as therapy:

• vitamin complexes - it is important that these are preparations C, A, E, PP;
• antioxidants;
• absorbents;
• antihistamines;
• corticosteroids.

For reticular pigmentation (Riehl melanosis), special means are used for external use:

• hydrogen peroxide;
• retinol ointments;
• solution of three percent citric acid.

Not only internal and external medicinal treatment will be carried out, but you can also resort to correcting a cosmetic defect in beauty salons. Today there are many such proposals, but this can only be done for those patients who have a benign pathology.

To eliminate external skin defects, beauty salons offer the following methods of cosmetic procedures:

• laser skin correction - allows you to eliminate all external signs on the skin without affecting the healthy area;
• chemical peeling - this is how the upper layers of the affected skin are exfoliated;
• photorejuvenation - in addition to eliminating the resulting pigment, the condition of the skin improves.

The pathology of melanosis can be caused by various factors, which will determine the type of disease and the stage of the lesion. The prognosis of the disease will be favorable if you seek help from a specialist in time.

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As is known, the respiratory function of the body is one of the main functions of the normal functioning of the body. A syndrome in which the balance of blood components is disturbed, or, to be more precise, the concentration of carbon dioxide greatly increases and the volume of oxygen decreases, is called “acute respiratory failure”; it can also become chronic. How does the patient feel in this case, what symptoms may bother him, what are the signs and causes of this syndrome - read below. Also from our article you will learn about diagnostic methods and the most modern methods of treating this disease.

Melanosis is a focal or diffuse accumulation of melanin pigment in organs or tissues.

Etymology of the term: from Greek melas, melanos- black, dark + osis- suffix meaning disease.

Synonyms: melanopathy.

There are melanosis:

• physiological, observed normally in some races,
• pathological, which can be congenital or acquired.

Pathological melanosis can be observed in organs that normally contain melanin (for example, skin, eyes), as well as in tissues that usually lack melanin inclusions, for example, in the mucous membrane of the esophagus and intestines. Pathological congenital melanosis includes pigment spots, pigmented skin nevi and nevus-melanosis syndromes.

The formation of accumulations of melanocytes in the dermis and submucosa, the penetration of melanin from the basal layer of the epidermis leads to the appearance of pigment spots of the skin and mucous membranes, for example, in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, xeroderma pigmentosum, etc.

Congenital pathological melanosis

Congenital melanosis includes giant pigmented nevi, which, due to the peculiarities of their localization and type, are figuratively compared by various authors, for example, with a swimsuit (“bathing trunk”), vest, collar, etc. In some representatives of Asian peoples, after 1-2 days after birth, areas of gray-blue or slate color appear on the skin - the so-called “Mongolian spots”, which are usually located in the sacral region, on the extremities, less often on the mucous membranes and, as a rule, disappear by 3-4 years of age.

Neurodermal And oculodermal nevus-melanosis syndromes characterized by the accumulation of melanin in the skin, as well as in other organs and tissues.

Neurodermal melanosis(synonyms: exccessive melanoblastosis, congenital neurocutaneous melanoblastosis) was described in 1941. A. Touraine. It is characterized by excessive pigmentation of the skin, pia mater and brain, is inherited in a dominant manner and often develops immediately after birth.

In this case, there may be giant nevi or multiple small birthmarks on the skin, proliferation of nevus cells with the formation of melanin occurs in the pia mater of the brain, and in the substance of the brain (in the olives, at the base of the brain, in the thalamus, hippocampus, etc.) there are perivascular accumulations of melanophores. Against the background of neurodermal melanosis, malignant melanoma can develop. A combination of neurodermal melanosis with neurofibromatosis, muscle atrophy, and spina bifida has been described.

Oculodermal melanosis described in 1938 by Ota and Ito. It is characterized by a patchy grayish-blue discoloration of the sclera and facial skin in the area of ​​the branching of the trigeminal nerve. Pigmentation can spread to the skin of the ear, nose, external auditory canal, mandibular region, lateral surfaces of the neck, chest, the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, nose, tympanic cavity, as well as the conjunctiva, cornea, fundus, optic papilla, optic nerve.

Oculodermal syndrome occurs more often in races that differ in pigmented skin color, mainly in women; exists from the moment of birth or appears during puberty. Melanomas of the skin and brain can occur against the background of oculodermal melanosis.

Acquired pathological melanosis

Acquired pathological melanosis is usually associated with dysfunction of the endocrine glands (adrenal glands, pituitary gland, etc.), the autonomic nervous system, etc.

Diffuse melanosis of the skin and mucous membranes is observed with adrenocortical insufficiency, Itsenko-Cushing's disease, Graves' disease, acromegaly, damage to the hypothalamus, with melanoma, as a result of chronic intoxication with hydrocarbons, and can appear during pregnancy in the form of chloasma.

There is pigmentation caused by intoxication, bismuth, salvarsan, for example, preparations of gold, silver, lead, etc.; she belongs to the group false melanosis, or pseudomelanosis.

Melanosis of the skin (melasma) is characterized by primary diffuse hyperpigmentation of the skin caused by the deposition of melanin.

The following varieties are distinguished:

• uremic melanosis of the skin, developing in chronic renal failure;
• cachectic melanosis of the skin, observed, for example, in severe forms of tuberculosis;
• endocrine melanosis of the skin, which occurs due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, etc.;
• hepatic melanosis of the skin, which appears with cirrhosis and other liver diseases;
• toxic melanosis of the skin (arsenic), which develops with long-term use of arsenic drugs;
• toxic reticular, associated with hydrocarbon intoxication and photosensitivity.

There is a group of hereditary diseases that are characterized by massive damage to the skin, nervous system and other important organs. What is neurocutaneous melanosis? In this brief review, we have collected complete information about this rare disease, so we will tell you about the main symptoms of the disease and how to get rid of it.

Neurocutaneous melanosis is a fairly rare disease.

reference Information

The disease was first recorded in the second half of the 19th century by the German scientist Rudolf Virchow. After 120 years, the name neurocutaneous melanosis was officially recognized. The origin and culprits of the disease have not been precisely established. Doctors believe that the occurrence of abnormalities is an early somatic mutation. As a result of chromosome breakage, the movement of melanocytes is disrupted, which leads to their accumulation on the skin and central nervous system.

The disease is rare and often inherited. Children are born without any abnormalities in weight or skin color. The only indicator of the presence of the disease is a nevus - a small mole or tumor that has a different color (from dark brown to deep black) and shape. The rough surface of the spot is covered with fine hairs. The formation rises slightly above the level of the dermis.

The surface is rough and bumpy, covered with crusts. Nevi have irregular outlines.

Most often the disease is recorded:

• lumbosacral region;
• on the neck and back of the head;
• on the back.

The disease is complex and does not have any sexual preferences. Destructive actions affect:

• vessels (blood, lymphatic);
• sebaceous and sweat glands;
• hair follicles;
• subcutaneous tissue;
• muscles;
• skeleton.

Initially, the child develops without any deviations. But from the second year of life, characteristic signs begin to appear.

• Mental retardation. The inability to quickly and effectively learn and remember becomes noticeable.
• Cramps. Epileptic seizures occur due to the penetration of melanoblastomas into the brain.
• The appearance of nevus on other parts of the body. The spots invade new areas, growing and changing shape.
• Mutation. The tumor is activated, as a result of which doctors note a modification of color and structure. An unpleasant itching occurs.
• Neurological transformation. The meninges thicken and melanomas and benign neoplasms appear in the organ tissue, and cysts often appear. Externally, this manifests itself in the form of increased intracranial pressure from the first year of life.

Children with the disease suffer from congenital heart defects or bone changes. Sometimes pigment is deposited at the bottom of the eye, which causes cataracts. In combination with tumors of various natures, nevi gradually degenerate into oncology. This serious and terrible disease occurs in more than 50% of patients with melanosis.

Sometimes pigment is deposited at the bottom of the eye

Treatment

To draw up a treatment plan, the specialist collects information about the medical history and conducts a series of tests. A biopsy of the affected area of ​​the dermis will help assess the condition of the muscles and skin. For a complete clinical picture, ultrasound data must be considered. Parents are worried that they have to take a lot of tests. Such checks are aimed at getting an idea of ​​the extent to which the body is affected by the disease. Scintigraphy, MRI, CT are mandatory procedures.

There is still no effective cure or method for neurocutaneous melanosis. For more than 150 years, scientists around the world have been trying to find a safe solution to get rid of a dangerous disease. Therapy follows a specific regimen prescribed by the doctor. They use drugs that block the growth and reproduction of pathogenic cells. Drugs that affect protein and carbohydrate metabolism have an antishock and antitoxic effect, so they are taken in increased doses.

To reduce seizures, the doctor prescribes anticonvulsants. Additionally, it is necessary to support the immune system, which recombinant cytostatics must cope with.

If the disease was diagnosed in the first years of life, then the specialist decides on surgical intervention. Early tumor removal will reduce the negative impact of the disease on the child's development.

If a nevus is detected on the baby’s body, then it is better to immediately visit a doctor. A professional will carefully monitor all transformations in the body and begin treatment at the first changes. To prevent a hairy mole from mutating into melanoma, they may suggest excision of the skin followed by transplantation of healthy samples.

The progression of neurocutaneous melanosis intensifies pathological processes. Activation of the disease and the capture of a larger area of ​​the dermis cannot be stopped by radiation therapy. Patients rarely live beyond the age of twenty-five. Remember: the more attentive you are to your baby, the greater the chance of finding the disease before destructive activity begins. If similar problems have been recorded in the family, then the child is at risk.

Neurocutaneous melanosis is a dangerous hereditary disease that is very difficult to cure if neglected. Our recommendations will help you determine the symptoms, and entrust the therapy to a professional oncologist.

Xerosis of the skin is a disease that is characterized by dryness and roughness of the skin. The main reason for the manifestation of this pathology is a disruption in the functioning of the glands, which secrete fat to lubricate the surface of the skin and protect it from negative natural phenomena. This causes the epidermis to dry out and become less resistant to infections.

If there is not enough lubrication on the skin, it will not only dry out, but also wrinkle or tighten. For this reason, the skin on a person's face will age faster. Another factor that can lead to aging of the epidermis is sun rays.

Xeroderma is a skin disease that must be properly treated initially when the first symptoms appear. Treatment occurs in stages. Also, treatment must be comprehensive. Melanopathy does not go away on its own. She requires doctor's intervention.

Neurocutaneous melanosis can occur for two reasons:

• Congenital.
• Acquired.

When the first symptoms of this disease appear in a baby after birth, it may be a milder form of ichthyosis. An acquired illness can manifest itself because the body has been exposed to negative factors for a long time.

Neurocutaneous melanosis can occur due to the fact that the sebaceous glands cannot cope with their functions and lubricate the surface of the epidermis. This causes dryness of the epidermis. There may be several reasons. Currently the following are distinguished:

• Thin skin.
• Exposure of the epidermis to sunlight.
• Lack of vitamins in the body.
• Constant bathing in very hot water.
• Using chemicals without protection.
• Age-related or hormonal changes.
• Taking hormonal drugs for a long time.
• Violation of the general regime.
• Violation of metabolic processes.
• Gastrointestinal diseases.

Melanosis of the skin: symptoms

The main symptoms of skin melanosis are:

• Severe skin tightness and dryness.
• Roughness.
• Coarsening.
• Appearance of cracks.
• Pores.
• Wrinkles.

These symptoms may worsen if the skin comes into contact with cold water or low-quality soap.

Development of pathology

The disease can develop over a period of time. There are three stages of development in total. This:

• No changes are visible on the skin, but after contact with the irritant, itching or tightness of the skin may appear. When you lubricate the epidermis with cream, such sensations go away.
• The structure of the skin is damaged. Wrinkles and peeling appear. Symptoms do not disappear after using creams.
• Clear signs of the disease are visible. Sometimes swelling may occur. The skin becomes thinner and eczema may appear on it. The skin ages. At this stage, serious treatment is required.

Kinds

Xerosis can be of several types. This:

• Acquired. It can manifest itself due to external or internal factors, as well as due to improper self-care.
• Senile. It appears due to the fact that the epidermis naturally ages.
• Atopic. It happens in children and is inherited.

Diagnosis

When diagnosing, the doctor performs the following procedures:

• Conducts an examination of the patient.
• Collects anamnesis.
• Takes a blood test.

Treatment

Therapy can be carried out in several ways. Typically it includes the following steps:

• Eliminating the cause of dryness.
• Moistening the cover.
• Treatment of damaged areas.
• Dieting.
• Prevention.

Root Causes

After making a diagnosis, the doctor eliminates the cause of dryness. At the same time, he prescribes different types of therapy. Everything will depend on what causes the skin to become damaged and dry. After eliminating such causes, the functioning of the glands is restored automatically.

Care

The skin must be constantly moisturized and cared for. This must be done in order to prevent microbes from penetrating into the epidermis layer. When this happens, dryness may be accompanied by infectious skin lesions.

Also, after moisturizing, the skin will become more youthful and elastic. There will be no wrinkles or cracks on it. The itching will also disappear.

But here it is worth remembering that for moisturizing you should use only high-quality creams from well-known manufacturers. You should also use products that contain natural oils and vegetable fats.

To wash your skin, you should use soaps and surfactant-free products. They can cause dry skin and tightness.

Treatment

Medicines can also be used to relieve inflammation. The most common today are Diprazin or Suprastin. You can also use novocaine to eliminate itching.

To prevent microbes from entering the skin when cracks appear on it, it is necessary to use ointments that contain tar or naphthalan. When spots begin to appear on the skin and peeling increases, you should immediately visit a dermatologist and consult with him.

Diet

Proper nutrition is an integral part of the treatment of many ailments. The whole point is that it is quite difficult to find high-quality products on the shelves today, and therefore such food contains almost no vitamins and minerals that are useful and necessary for the body. Therefore, properly selected and concentrated food can solve many problems for a person.

If you have xerosis, you should avoid fried, fatty, smoked or spicy foods. You also need to stop eating fast foods and drinks with gas. You should also give up alcohol.

With this illness, you need to drink more fluids (3-4 liters in 24 hours), and also eat food that is rich in vitamins. These are fish, vegetables, nuts, fruits and more.

It is also important to prepare food properly. It can retain more useful elements if it is prepared using a double boiler or boiled.

Prevention

To prevent the manifestation of such a disease, simple measures must be taken every day. This:

• Swim only in warm water.
• Do not use products with surfactants.
• Take more vitamins.
• Quit alcohol and smoking.
• Move around more.
• Do not stay in the sun for a long time.
• When sunbathing, use protection creams.
• Treat all diseases on time.
• Wear underwear only made from natural material.
• Don't be nervous and don't get into stressful situations.

When the first negative symptoms appear, you should consult a dermatologist. Knowing these points, you can avoid the manifestation of xerosis, and also know how to properly treat it.