Download presentation life in the universe. Life and Mind. Revealed secrets of the Universe. What types of galaxies are there?

Date of writing: 15.03.2024

Reading time: 26 minutes

Introduction There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. The uniqueness of the earth's biosphere and human intelligence challenges our belief in the unity of nature. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. On this path it is necessary to go through three important steps: to find out the secret of the birth of the Universe, to solve the problem of the origin of life and to understand the nature of the mind. There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. The uniqueness of the earth's biosphere and human intelligence challenges our belief in the unity of nature. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. On this path it is necessary to go through three important steps: to find out the secret of the birth of the Universe, to solve the problem of the origin of life and to understand the nature of the mind. In my essay, I set myself the goal of finding out that we are not alone in the Universe. I want to learn about distant cosmic worlds, about the Universe. In my opinion, the most important thing in astronomy is to find out how the world works, is there life on other planets, are we alone in the vast Universe, or does life exist somewhere, just like ours? In my essay, I set myself the goal of finding out that we are not alone in the Universe. I want to learn about distant cosmic worlds, about the Universe. In my opinion, the most important thing in astronomy is to find out how the world works, is there life on other planets, are we alone in the vast Universe, or does life exist somewhere, just like ours?

The emergence of intelligence must be closely connected with a radical improvement and improvement in the ways of exchanging information between individuals. Therefore, for the history of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth, the emergence of language was of decisive importance. Can we, however, consider such a process universal for the evolution of life in all corners of the Universe? Most likely no! Indeed, in principle, under completely different conditions, the means of exchanging information between individuals could be not longitudinal vibrations of the atmosphere (or hydrosphere) in which these individuals live, but something completely different. The emergence of intelligence must be closely connected with a radical improvement and improvement in the ways of exchanging information between individuals. Therefore, for the history of the emergence of intelligent life on Earth, the emergence of language was of decisive importance. Can we, however, consider such a process universal for the evolution of life in all corners of the Universe? Most likely no! Indeed, in principle, under completely different conditions, the means of exchanging information between individuals could be not longitudinal vibrations of the atmosphere (or hydrosphere) in which these individuals live, but something completely different.

Attempts have long been made to discover and establish contact with other civilizations. In 1974, the automatic interplanetary station Pioneer 10 was launched in the United States. Inside the station there is a steel plate with designs and symbols engraved on it, which provide minimal information about our earthly civilization. This image is composed in such a way that intelligent beings who find it will be able to determine the position of the solar system in our Galaxy and guess about our appearance and, possibly, intentions. But of course, an extraterrestrial civilization has a much better chance of finding us on Earth than finding Pioneer 10. Attempts have long been made to discover and establish contact with other civilizations. In 1974, the automatic interplanetary station Pioneer 10 was launched in the United States. Inside the station there is a steel plate with designs and symbols engraved on it, which provide minimal information about our earthly civilization. This image is composed in such a way that intelligent beings who find it will be able to determine the position of the solar system in our Galaxy and guess about our appearance and, possibly, intentions. But of course, an extraterrestrial civilization has a much better chance of finding us on Earth than finding Pioneer 10.

Currently, life is defined not through the internal structure of the substance that is inherent in it, but through its functions: a control system, which includes a mechanism for transmitting hereditary information that ensures safety to subsequent generations. Thus, due to the inevitable interference in the transmission of such information, our molecular complex (organism) is capable of mutations, and, consequently, of evolution. Currently, life is defined not through the internal structure of the substance that is inherent in it, but through its functions: a control system, which includes a mechanism for transmitting hereditary information that ensures safety to subsequent generations. Thus, due to the inevitable interference in the transmission of such information, our molecular complex (organism) is capable of mutations, and, consequently, of evolution. The emergence of living matter on Earth (and, as can be judged by analogy, on other planets) was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as building blocks for the formation of living matter. The emergence of living matter on Earth (and, as can be judged by analogy, on other planets) was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as building blocks for the formation of living matter.

It should be noted once again that the central problem of the origin of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from lifeless to living - is still far from clear. It is not for nothing that one of the founders of modern molecular biology, Professor Crick, said at the Byurakan Symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations in September 1971: We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One can come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance. It must be noted once again that the central problem of the origin of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from lifeless to living - is still far from clear. It is not for nothing that one of the founders of modern molecular biology, Professor Crick, said at the Byurakan Symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations in September 1971: We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One may come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance

THE MOON is the only celestial body that earthlings have been able to visit, the soil of which has been studied in detail in the laboratory. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon. THE MOON is the only celestial body that earthlings have been able to visit, the soil of which has been studied in detail in the laboratory. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon.

Neither astronauts nor automatic stations have yet visited the small planet MERCURY, closest to the Sun. But people know something about it thanks to research from Earth and from the American Mariner 10 spacecraft flying near Mercury (1974 and 1975). Conditions there are even worse than on the Moon. There is no atmosphere, and the surface temperature varies from –170 to 450 C. Under the ground, the temperature averages about 80 C, and it naturally increases with depth. Neither astronauts nor automatic stations have yet visited the small planet MERCURY, closest to the Sun. But people know something about it thanks to research from Earth and from the American Mariner 10 spacecraft flying near Mercury (1974 and 1975). Conditions there are even worse than on the Moon. There is no atmosphere, and the surface temperature varies from –170 to 450 C. Under the ground, the temperature averages about 80 C, and it naturally increases with depth.

In the recent past, astronomers considered VENUS to be an almost exact copy of the young Earth. Unfortunately, due to its proximity to the Sun, Venus is not at all like Earth. In short, it’s also not the best place to live. In the recent past, astronomers considered VENUS to be an almost exact copy of the young Earth. Unfortunately, due to its proximity to the Sun, Venus is not at all like Earth. In short, it’s also not the best place to live.

MARS was considered a habitable planet for good reason. Although the climate there is very harsh (in summer the temperature is about 0 C, at night –80 C, and in winter it reaches –120 C), but it is still not hopelessly bad for life: it exists in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas. However, there is another problem on Mars: an extremely thin atmosphere, 100 times less dense than on Earth. It does not save the surface of Mars from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the Sun and does not allow water to remain in a liquid state. On Mars, water can only exist in the form of steam and ice. MARS was considered a habitable planet for good reason. Although the climate there is very harsh (in summer the temperature is about 0 C, at night –80 C, and in winter it reaches –120 C), but it is still not hopelessly bad for life: it exists in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas. However, there is another problem on Mars: an extremely thin atmosphere, 100 times less dense than on Earth. It does not save the surface of Mars from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the Sun and does not allow water to remain in a liquid state. On Mars, water can only exist in the form of steam and ice.

Based on the results of computer modeling, scientists have hypothesized that the polar regions of Mars may be bodies of water covered with a layer of ice that can harbor life. Based on the results of computer modeling, scientists have hypothesized that the polar regions of Mars may be bodies of water covered with a layer of ice that can harbor life.

GIANT PLANETS. The climate of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune does not at all correspond to our ideas about comfort: very cold, terrible gas composition (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, etc.), practically no solid surface, only a dense atmosphere and an ocean of liquid gases. GIANT PLANETS. The climate of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune does not at all correspond to our ideas about comfort: very cold, terrible gas composition (methane, ammonia, hydrogen, etc.), practically no solid surface, only a dense atmosphere and an ocean of liquid gases. Jupiter

SATELLITES OF PLANETS AND COMETS. There has never been any serious hope of discovering life on these bodies, although the study of organic compounds on them as precursors of life is of particular interest. SATELLITES OF PLANETS AND COMETS. There has never been any serious hope of discovering life on these bodies, although the study of organic compounds on them as precursors of life is of particular interest. Europa, satellite of Jupiter

In space we encounter a wide range of physical conditions: the temperature of the substance varies from 35 K to K, and the density from up to 1018 kg/cm3. Among such a large diversity, it is often possible to discover places (for example, interstellar clouds) where one of the physical parameters, from the point of view of terrestrial biology, is favorable for the development of life. But only on planets can all the parameters necessary for life coincide. In space we encounter a wide range of physical conditions: the temperature of the substance varies from 35 K to K, and the density from up to 1018 kg/cm3. Among such a large diversity, it is often possible to discover places (for example, interstellar clouds) where one of the physical parameters, from the point of view of terrestrial biology, is favorable for the development of life. But only on planets can all the parameters necessary for life coincide.

How to find brothers in mind? The search strategy depends on how people imagine the capabilities and desires of these same brothers. How to find brothers in mind? The search strategy depends on how people imagine the capabilities and desires of these same brothers.

For wireless communication on earth, radio is mainly used. Therefore, the main efforts are now aimed at searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations (ECs) in the radio range. But they are also carried out in other radiation ranges. Over the past 20 years, several experiments have been carried out to search for laser signals in the optical range. For wireless communication on earth, radio is mainly used. Therefore, the main efforts are now aimed at searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations (ECs) in the radio range. But they are also carried out in other radiation ranges. Over the past 20 years, several experiments have been carried out to search for laser signals in the optical range.

Projects for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations Ozma and Serendip Observations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried to receive signals from the stars Cetus and Eridani using an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters. His work was called the OZMA project. Observations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried to use an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters to receive signals from the stars Cetus and Eridani. His work was called the OZMA project. In 1992, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched Project SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations). In 1992, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched Project SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations). Bowl at Arecibo on the island of Puerto Rico
Language of Brothers in Mind Contacts with other civilizations will certainly be associated with very great difficulties, and may even turn out to be fruitless. After all, some texts in the dead languages of the Earth, unique messages from the depths of centuries, are still not read. Even greater difficulties should be expected if we manage to accidentally overhear radio messages from other worlds intended for internal use, for example, fragments of television programs or the call signs of space beacons. Contacts with other civilizations will certainly be associated with very great difficulties, and may even turn out to be fruitless. After all, some texts in the dead languages of the Earth, unique messages from the depths of centuries, are still not read. Even greater difficulties should be expected if we manage to accidentally overhear radio messages from other worlds intended for internal use, for example, fragments of television programs or the call signs of space beacons.

Drake's formula Francis Drake proposed a simple formula for estimating the number of intelligent communities in our Galaxy ready to make contact with us: n = N * P1 * P2 * P3 * P4 * t / T, where n is the number of civilizations in the Galaxy ready for radio contact ; N is the number of stars in the Galaxy; P1 - the proportion of stars with planetary systems; P2 is the proportion of planetary systems in which life arose; P3 – the proportion of biospheres in which life has reached the level of intelligence; P4 - the proportion of intelligent communities that reach the technical level of our civilization (or higher) and want to establish contact; t is the average time of existence of technical civilization; T is the age of the Galaxy. Francis Drake proposed a simple formula for estimating the number of intelligent communities in our Galaxy ready to make contact with us: n = N * P1 * P2 * P3 * P4 * t / T, where n is the number of civilizations in the Galaxy ready for radio contact; N is the number of stars in the Galaxy; P1 - the proportion of stars with planetary systems; P2 is the proportion of planetary systems in which life arose; P3 – the proportion of biospheres in which life has reached the level of intelligence; P4 - the proportion of intelligent communities that reach the technical level of our civilization (or higher) and want to establish contact; t is the average time of existence of technical civilization; T is the age of the Galaxy.

So far, we know with relative accuracy only three factors in this formula: the age of the Galaxy T ~ 10^10 years, the number of stars in it N ~ 10^11 and the frequency of formation of planetary systems P1 ~ 0.1. I estimated the remaining factors in my own way: P2 ~ 1, P3 ~ 0.1, P4 ~ 1, t ~ 100 years. Substituting these values into Drake's formula, we see that several civilizations in the Galaxy are now ready for contact with us. Therefore, it makes sense to make an effort and finally establish this contact. So far, we know with relative accuracy only three factors in this formula: the age of the Galaxy T ~ 10^10 years, the number of stars in it N ~ 10^11 and the frequency of formation of planetary systems P1 ~ 0.1. I estimated the remaining factors in my own way: P2 ~ 1, P3 ~ 0.1, P4 ~ 1, t ~ 100 years. Substituting these values into Drake's formula, we see that several civilizations in the Galaxy are now ready for contact with us. Therefore, it makes sense to make an effort and finally establish this contact.

Conclusion From this abstract we can conclude that scientists around the world have not yet proven whether we are alone in the Universe? and whether there is intelligent life on other planets. We often ask very general questions concerning the existence and properties of the Universe as a whole. But just because a question is posed does not mean that it can be answered. From this abstract we can conclude that scientists around the world have not yet proven whether we are alone in the Universe? and whether there is intelligent life on other planets. We often ask very general questions concerning the existence and properties of the Universe as a whole. But just because a question is posed does not mean that it can be answered.

Does life exist in the Universe?

Presentation by slides:

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Does life exist in the Universe? Prepared by Student 11B class Kuntish Oleksandra (

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Imagine for a moment what would happen to humanity if evidence of the existence of other life was discovered outside the Earth. Understanding the origins of extraterrestrial life will change. If life arose more than once in the solar system, then there is a possibility of new life emerging in our system. Based on this, we can come to the conclusion that there are billions of galaxies in the Universe in which new life arises in the same way.

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In addition, if we take into account natural selection, as a result of which only the strongest organism survives in the world of worlds, most likely, each galaxy will have its own species of living beings. Some people believe that many living organisms have long since become extinct, and there is no point in humanity looking for traces of intelligent life on planets. After all, until we were able to build spaceships and began to study space and nearby planets, quite a lot of time passed. But still, very few people think so

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Most are of the opinion that extraterrestrial intelligence exists, it exists. We’re just not ready yet, although we want to see extraterrestrial life and establish contact with them. Now the chance of meeting extraterrestrial intelligence is minimal. And if you take into account all the existing factors, an encounter with a technologically advanced alien species is negligible. But, nevertheless, we should not forget that a more developed species may not want to make contact, or alien creatures are waiting for the moment when we grow to a certain level, and only after that they will contact us .

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A striking example of the search for extraterrestrial civilization is the mission to Mars. Scientists have suggested that the presence of oxygen and methane in the atmosphere of the Red Planet is the real evidence of life activity on the surface of this planet. As you know, oxygen is a chemically active gas, which, when reacting with other gases, very quickly disappears from the atmosphere. If it is present in its pure form, then this is evidence that it is constantly replenished.

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That's why NASA scientists sent the Curiosity rover to Mars. His main task is to search for confirmation of the existence of life or signs of the presence of intelligent beings on this planet. In addition to Mars, it is quite possible that life is or was present on other planets in the solar system. Mars became the first stage of exploration. It is quite possible that similar spacecraft will soon be sent to other planets.

Life and Mind in the Universe

Introduction

There is nothing more exciting than the search for life and intelligence in the Universe. The uniqueness of the earth's biosphere and human intelligence challenges our belief in the unity of nature. Man will not rest until he solves the mystery of his origin. On this path it is necessary to go through three important steps: to find out the secret of the birth of the Universe, to solve the problem of the origin of life and to understand the nature of the mind.
In my essay, I set myself the goal of finding out that we are not alone in the Universe. I want to learn about distant cosmic worlds, about the Universe. In my opinion, the most important thing in astronomy is to find out how the world works, is there life on other planets, are we alone in the vast Universe, or does life exist somewhere, just like ours?

The Emergence of Mind

The emergence of life on Earth

Currently, life is defined not through the internal structure of the substance that is inherent in it, but through its functions: a “control system”, which includes a mechanism for transmitting hereditary information that ensures safety to subsequent generations. Thus, due to the inevitable interference in the transmission of such information, our molecular complex (organism) is capable of mutations, and, consequently, of evolution.
The emergence of living matter on Earth (and, as can be judged by analogy, on other planets) was preceded by a rather long and complex evolution of the chemical composition of the atmosphere, which ultimately led to the formation of a number of organic molecules. These molecules subsequently served as “building blocks” for the formation of living matter.

It should be noted once again that the central problem of the emergence of life on Earth - the explanation of the qualitative leap from “non-living” to “living” - is still far from clear. It is not without reason that one of the founders of modern molecular biology, Professor Crick, said at the Byurakan Symposium on the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations in September 1971: “We do not see a path from the primordial soup to natural selection. One may come to the conclusion that the origin of life is a miracle, but this only testifies to our ignorance.”

The search for life in the solar system

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THE MOON is the only celestial body that earthlings have been able to visit, the soil of which has been studied in detail in the laboratory. No traces of organic life have been found on the Moon.

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MARS was considered a habitable planet for good reason. Although the climate there is very harsh (in summer the temperature is about 0 °C, at night –80 °C, and in winter it reaches –120 °C), but it is still not hopelessly bad for life: it exists in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, there is another problem on Mars - an extremely thin atmosphere, 100 times less dense than on Earth. It does not save the surface of Mars from the destructive ultraviolet rays of the Sun and does not allow water to remain in a liquid state. On Mars, water can only exist in the form of steam and ice.

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Based on the results of computer modeling, scientists have hypothesized that the polar regions of Mars may be bodies of water covered with a layer of ice that can harbor life.

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Saturn's rings in color

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Europa, satellite of Jupiter

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Conditions for life in space

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In space we encounter a wide range of physical conditions: the temperature of the substance varies from 3-5 K to 107-108 K, and density - from 10-22 to 1018 kg/cm3. Among such a large diversity, it is often possible to discover places (for example, interstellar clouds) where one of the physical parameters, from the point of view of terrestrial biology, is favorable for the development of life. But only on planets can all the parameters necessary for life coincide.

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Search for extraterrestrial civilizations

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How to find brothers in mind? The search strategy depends on how people imagine the capabilities and desires of these same brothers.

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Communication with extraterrestrial civilizations

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Projects for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations Ozma and Serendip

Observations began in 1960, when Francis Drake tried to use an antenna with a diameter of 26 meters to receive signals from the stars  Cetus and  Eridani. His work was called the “OZMA project.”
In 1992, the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched Project SERENDIP, Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emission from nearby Developed Intelligent Populations.

Bowl at Arecibo on the island of Puerto Rico

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Instrument readings

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The language of brothers in mind

Contacts with other civilizations will certainly be associated with very great difficulties, and may even turn out to be fruitless. After all, some texts in the dead languages of the Earth are still not read - original messages from the depths of centuries. Even greater difficulties should be expected if we manage to accidentally overhear radio messages from other worlds intended for internal use, for example, fragments of television programs or the call signs of space beacons.

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In recent decades, the mass consciousness has seen an influx of another wave of mysticism. Against this background, discussion of the issue of extraterrestrial civilizations, their searches and contacts with them has become widespread. The search for UFOs and the passionate expectation of aliens from extraterrestrial civilizations is one of the popular topics in the media (including quite serious ones). “Messages” appear about aliens, contacts with them, and even about their kidnapping of earthlings right in the centers of multimillion-dollar cities. Rumors are spreading about the evacuation of earthlings into the vastness of the Universe, begun by UFO operators... There is no number of evidence found that representatives of highly developed intelligent civilizations visited the Earth in the past...

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Is modern science dealing with the issue of extraterrestrial civilizations? And if she does, how does she solve it? First of all, it should be noted that the question of extraterrestrial civilizations has its own scientific formulation, which differs significantly from its interpretation by the mass, everyday, extra-scientific consciousness. Modern science interprets extraterrestrial civilizations as societies of intelligent beings that can arise and exist outside the Earth (on other planets, cosmic bodies, in other universes, environments, etc.).

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From the standpoint of modern science, the assumption about the possibility of the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations has objective grounds: the idea of the material unity of the world; about the development, evolution of matter as its universal property; natural science data about the regular, natural nature of the origin and evolution of life, as well as the origin and evolution of man on Earth; astronomical data that the Sun is a typical, ordinary star of our Galaxy and there is no reason to distinguish it from many other similar stars; at the same time, astronomy proceeds from the fact that there is a wide variety of physical conditions in the Cosmos, which can, in principle, lead to the emergence of the most diverse forms of highly organized matter. In the early 1960s. One of the results of the intensive development of astronomical knowledge, broad scientific international cooperation in astronomy was an important conclusion: firstly, the scientific foundations for studying the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations have been formed and, secondly, this problem is complex, interdisciplinary in nature, and can be solved by the joint efforts of specialists in the field of natural sciences. , technical, social, humanitarian and philosophical sciences.

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Since the 1960s until the beginning of the 21st century. in the USA, in our country, significant research and organizational work has been carried out in this area. It was carried out in the following main areas: analysis and development of the ideological and theoretical foundations of the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations, their emergence, development and manifestation; developing various strategies for searching and establishing contacts with them; development of methods for detecting extraterrestrial civilizations (traces of their activity, artificial signals they send, etc.); searching for possible signals from extraterrestrial civilizations, conducting observations in the radio and optical ranges; transmission of messages from our civilization to extraterrestrial civilizations

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The topic of contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations is perhaps one of the most popular in science fiction literature and cinema. As a rule, it arouses the most ardent interest among fans of this genre, everyone interested in the problems of the universe. But the artistic imagination here must be subordinated to the strict logic of rational analysis. This analysis shows that the following types of contacts are possible: direct contacts, i.e. mutual (or one-way) visits; contacts via communication channels; mixed type contacts - sending automatic probes to an extraterrestrial civilization that transmit the received information via communication channels. Of course, contacts of the first type are the most attractive, but they are the most difficult to actually implement. The main difficulty is associated with the duration of the flight to other civilizations, which may be longer than the life of the earthly civilization itself. This raises the question of return, the value of the information brought, and therefore the meaning of the flight itself. For example, when flying to distant stars at speeds much lower than the speed of light (v<< с), требуются тысячелетия, а значит, такие полеты возможны только к ближайшим звездам. Теоретические аспекты таких проектов учеными обсуждаются, хотя до их практического осуществления еще очень далеко.

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So-called photon rockets would allow movement in space at speeds close to the speed of light (v ~ c). Moreover, travel to distant regions of the Galaxy (and even to other galaxies) would take the lifetime of one generation of astronauts. But according to the theory of relativity, under the conditions of such a flight, time is reduced only for the crew of the spacecraft, and for the inhabitants of the Earth it will flow as in a non-relativistic system. This means that hundreds and thousands of years will pass on Earth during the journey.

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Currently, real possible contacts with extraterrestrial civilizations are contacts through communication channels. If the signal propagation time in both directions t is greater than the lifetime of civilization (t > L), then we can talk about one-way contact. If t<< L, то возможен двусторонний обмен информацией. Современный уровень естественнонаучных знаний позволяет серьезно говорить лишь о канале связи с помощью электромагнитных волн, тем более что сегодняшняя радиотехника может реально обеспечить установление такой связи.

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Searching for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations is one aspect of contact with them. But there is another one - a message to such civilizations about our earthly civilization. Therefore, along with the search for signals from space civilizations, messages were repeatedly sent to extraterrestrial civilizations. In 1974, from the radio astronomical observatory in Arecibo (Puerto Rico) towards the globular cluster M-31, located at a distance of 24 thousand light years from Earth, a radio message was sent containing coded text about life and civilization on Earth. In 2001, the first radio message to extraterrestrial civilizations from the children of the Earth was transmitted (to 6 solar-type stars within a radius of 70 light years from the Sun). Information messages were also placed on spacecraft, the trajectories of which provided them with exit beyond the solar system.

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The study of extraterrestrial civilizations is aimed at establishing one form or another of communication with them. These connections can be indirect and direct (identification of signals sent by such civilizations either to us, or to some other civilization, or without an address). Currently, there are several directions for searching for traces of the activity of extraterrestrial civilizations.

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Firstly, the search for traces of astro-engineering activities of extraterrestrial civilizations. This direction is based on the assumption that technically advanced civilizations must sooner or later move on to transforming the surrounding outer space (creating artificial satellites, artificial biosphere, etc.), in particular to intercept a significant part of the star’s energy. As calculations show, the radiation of the main part of such astro-engineering structures should be concentrated in the infrared region of the spectrum. Therefore, the task of detecting such extraterrestrial civilizations should begin with a search for local sources of infrared radiation or stars with an anomalous excess of infrared radiation. Such studies are currently underway. As a result, several dozen infrared sources were discovered, but so far there is no reason to connect any of them with an extraterrestrial civilization.

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Secondly, the search for traces of extraterrestrial civilizations visiting the Earth. This direction is based on the assumption that the activity of extraterrestrial civilizations could manifest itself in the historical past in the form of a visit to Earth, and such a visit could not but leave traces in the monuments of the material or spiritual culture of various peoples. Thus, the problem of extraterrestrial civilizations comes closer to the history of culture, archeology, where there are also many “blank spots”, riddles, secrets and problems. On this path there are many opportunities for various kinds of sensations - stunning “discoveries”, quasi-scientific myths about the cosmic origins of individual cultures. Thus, the legends about the ascension of saints to heaven are called the story of the astronauts. The so far inexplicable construction of large stone structures also does not prove their cosmic origin. For example, speculation of this kind around giant stone idols on Easter Island was dispelled by T. Heyerdahl: the descendants of the ancient population of this island showed him how it was done not only without the intervention of astronauts, but also without any technology. In the same row is the hypothesis that the Tunguska meteorite was not a meteorite or a comet, but an alien spaceship. These kinds of hypotheses and assumptions need to be examined most carefully.

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Thirdly, the search for signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. This problem is currently formulated, first of all, as the problem of searching for artificial signals in the radio and optical (for example, a highly directed laser beam) ranges. The most likely is radio communication. Therefore, the most important task is to select the optimal wave range for such communication. The analysis shows that the most likely artificial signals are at waves λ ≡ 21 cm (hydrogen radio line), λ ≡ 18 cm (OH radio line), λ ≡ 1.35 cm (water vapor radio line) or at waves combined from the fundamental frequency with which -or a mathematical constant (π, e, etc.).

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The targeted search for extraterrestrial civilizations has been carried out for over forty years. However, the results turn out to be discouraging. For more than forty years of systematic observations in various countries to detect signs of extraterrestrial civilizations or signals from them, no positive results were obtained. Neither obvious signs of the existence of powerful extraterrestrial civilizations (supercivilizations), traces of their activity, nor signals that could be interpreted as artificial, transmitted by extraterrestrial civilizations could be found. This situation has been defined as an astrosociological paradox: theoretical predictions, estimates and expectations contradict the indisputable results of the experiment.

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During the discussion of this issue, a variety of points of view were expressed: inflated estimates of the number of extraterrestrial civilizations; the weakness of our means and methods of observation (we are looking in the wrong place, in the wrong place, with the wrong means); short duration of existence of civilizations; a large dispersion in the ages of civilizations, leading to the fact that the period of time when mutual understanding is possible is very short; Most civilizations are much older than us and therefore it is difficult for us to imagine their capabilities. Perhaps the mysterious most powerful gamma-ray bursts in the Universe are products of their activity; and a very “mundane” explanation of civilizations compete with each other, wage “star wars” and therefore conspire, etc. and so on. As always happens in such cases, the deep basis of all such explanations is ultimately the tonality of the personal worldview, the mood of their author - either optimistic or pessimistic.

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We cannot completely reject the opinion that Humanity is lonely, if not in the entire Universe, then, in any case, in our Galaxy. This opinion entails the most important ideological conclusions about the meaning and value of earthly civilization and its achievements. It is quite possible that our planet Earth is the highest “color” of the development of the entire or at least a huge part of the Universe; all the main results, the results of the self-development of the World and Nature are concentrated in humanity. This means that we, people, humanity, are to a huge extent responsible - not only for our planet, but also for the development of the Universe as a whole.

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List of used literature: Babushkin A.N. Modern concepts of natural science: Lectures. 3rd ed., rev. and additional - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 2002. - 224 p., ill. - (Textbooks for universities. Special literature). V.V. Gorbachev Concepts of modern natural science: - M.: LLC “Publishing House “Onyx 21st Century”: “Publishing House “Peace and Education” 2003.-592 p.: ill. Gulyaev S.A., Zhukovsky V.M., Komov S.V. Basics of natural science. Ekaterinburg: UralEcoCenter, 2000. 560 p. Karpenkov S.Kh. Basic concepts of natural science. M.: Culture and Sports, UNITY, 1998, 208 p. Kuznetsov V.I., Idlis G.M., Gutina V.N. Natural science. Moscow: Agar, 1996. 384 p. Naydysh V.M. N20 Concepts of modern natural science: Textbook. - Ed. 2nd, revised and additional – M.: Alfa-M; INFRA-M, 2004. - (in translation) Yurlov V.F\ Concepts of modern natural science. Kirov: GPU, 1997. 253 p.

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In the last decades of the twentieth century. Unidentified UFO flying objects are often reported on radio or television broadcasts. Books and lectures by enthusiasts - ufologists (from the English UFO - unidentified flying object) are dedicated to them.

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Along with vital problems, Russian science still did not go out of sight, and ten years ago it recognized anomalous phenomena in the environment, which included direct flying objects (UFOs), as a subject of serious study.

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They mainly talk about random observations of unusual objects or atmospheric phenomena, the discovery of strange structures, their remains, traces on the ground, and even meetings with aliens from outer space.

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The struggle to overcome the unknown is the history of human science and civilization, which entered its most active period in the twentieth century. What are all our great geographical discoveries worth compared to the upcoming expedition to Mars?

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People, chained to the Earth by gravity, looked into the heavenly distances and it always seemed that unknown forms of life existed beyond the Earth, that a reasonable person was not alone among the billions of stars twinkling in the endless universe. Information about mysterious celestial phenomena dates back to the beginning of the written history of mankind, but in the light of perfect knowledge does not inspire confidence.

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In all eras, people have noted rare and incomprehensible phenomena in the daytime and night skies - comets, fireballs, clouds of unusual shape. The modern surge in interest in UFOs broke out immediately after the Second World War, during the dawn of aviation.

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Some scientists argue that we are alone and that the human mind is the product of such a subtle and mysterious process that it cannot be a repetition of exactly the same thing elsewhere. Others argue that the universe is simply teeming with different forms of life.

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The earth is just a speck in the starry expanses, so inexplicable that our minds are simply not able to comprehend them.. Statistical processing of stories about encounters with UFOs shows that most of them occur in the evening between 19 and 22 hours. UFOs are often encountered on the road, but when there's no one around.

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According to our scientists, the “Black Hole” is a gravitational field of such high density that it even absorbs light. Near black holes, space and time are curved; do the laws of physics known to us apply there?

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Despite the lack of convincing evidence of the suggested hypothesis, we are forced to agree that UFOs are a real phenomenon. Over the past 50 years, a large amount of information has observed something very extraordinary, these events are too numerous, too rich in details

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Even if we imagine that aliens are constantly observing the Earth from close range and are ready to join the evolutionary process, you should not delude yourself with the thought that they are benevolent. There is a lot of evidence of hostile behavior of UFOs.

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Since thousands of UFO sightings have been described in detail and many of them have been widely published, selected because they became particularly famous, or because they had a major influence on the history, psychology and sociology of the UFO phenomenon, or because of the theme that it served - an illustration of some notable feature of the UFO phenomenon.

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Typically, UFO sightings are characterized by “waviness.” Researchers have found a certain correlation of “UFO waves” with astronomical phenomena such as details of the closest approach of Earth and Mars.

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Let us list the main phenomena that cause reports of UFOs. They can be divided into 3 classes: Astronomical Atmospheric Technogenic

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Atmospheric

The Moon and Venus are often the culprits in UFO reports. Of course, on a clear night it is difficult to confuse the Moon hanging high in the sky with someone, but there are circumstances that make its identification difficult.

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Based on their appearance, UFO pilots are also divided into types: dwarfs, giants; green, silver... but for an unprejudiced person in these messages, one thing is important - can you trust?

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Why are scientists skeptical about all kinds of reports about UFOs and aliens from other worlds? There are many reasons for this. But how I would like to know that we are not alone in the cosmic desert, even if other civilizations prefer not to advertise their presence too much...

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If at some point it turns out that we are not alone in the Universe, humanity will be like a baby lost in the forest. This means that our entire history, which seems so non-random, so meaningful, is just one of the possible options.

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Our appearance, glorified by poets and artists, is only one of many, and for someone’s taste, perhaps, quite ugly. On the scale of the Universe, our Shakespeare will turn out to be a provincial poet, and Einstein will be a village wiseguy.

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What will brothers in mind bring us if they have gone far ahead in their development? Your scientific and technical achievements? Until now, all the knowledge that we have has been our knowledge, it has been suffered, found, proven.

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They contain our portrait, our torment of creativity. If we are presented with everything new on a platter, we will lose the path of knowledge and the joy of discovery for a long time. Science will depreciate: what’s the point of spending your life searching for the truth if your neighbors already have everything sorted into shelves? Will a person then be able to preserve his inner core?

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There is also a frightening question: how do we know that they are kind? Will humanity be able to protect itself from unscrupulous expansion? Or “genius and villainy are two incompatible things,” and a civilization capable of covering vast distances has already experienced “growing pains”: wars, anger, deceit?

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Today this problem is discussed only by science fiction writers and the media. Serious science does not consider it its business. But such questions cannot be crossed out with the words: “This is not the field of science.” After all, in the end the question is not who the aliens are, but who we are.

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www.astronet.ru B. A. Vorontsov - Velyaminov “Essays on the Universe” Marshall Cavendish “The Tree of Knowledge” E.P. Levitan textbook on astronomy 11th grade. Bibliography

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