Diet for a diabetic, allowed and prohibited foods. My Diet for Type II Diabetes. Personal experience ​What is diabetes

In order to avoid diseases, all systems of the human body must work correctly. Under certain conditions, failures occur that lead to a deterioration in the condition. Type 2 diabetes mellitus refers to diseases of the endocrine system, which provokes a constant increase in glucose. This is due to a violation of the susceptibility of tissues.

Clinical picture

What doctors say about diabetes

Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Aronova S. M.

For many years I have been studying the problem of DIABETES. It is scary when so many people die, and even more become disabled due to diabetes.

I hasten to announce the good news - the Endocrinological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences has managed to develop a drug that completely cures diabetes mellitus. At the moment, the effectiveness of this drug is approaching 100%.

Another good news: the Ministry of Health has achieved the adoption special program which covers the entire cost of the drug. In Russia and CIS countries, diabetics before can get a remedy IS FREE.

Learn more>>

Type 2 Diabetes - What is it?

The pancreas produces insulin, and in the case of type 1 disease, its absolute decrease occurs (it is not produced at all). When type 2 diabetes mellitus develops, a relative lack of the hormone is formed. At first, the amount of insulin can be increased or normal, and then sharply decreases. The susceptibility of cells to sugar decreases, absorption does not occur in full, which is why excess volumes remain in the plasma.
Excess glucose is not excreted from the body and crystallization of protein structures (nervous tissue, inner membranes of blood vessels) occurs, which reduces their functioning. This process is called glycation, and it becomes the main reason for the development of further complications in type 2 diabetes. There is more often in tissues impaired sensitivity to insulin in genetic defects, obesity.

The main risk factor is age. The risk group consists of individuals who are 30 years of age or older.

Then there is a gradual functional depletion of the pancreas. At this stage, the insulin-demanding subtype develops, in which the only way to reduce the amount of glucose is by injecting insulin with a syringe as a medicine. There are such risk factors that can cause the development of the disease:

1. Passive lifestyle.
2. Overweight by visceral type.
3. High pressure.
4. A large amount of refined carbohydrates in the diet (pastries, chocolate, sweets, waffles), a low content of plant foods (cereals, vegetables, fruits).
5. Ethnicity.
6. Genetic predisposition (presence of type 2 diabetes in relatives).

What happens in diabetes?

After a meal, the blood sugar level rises, and the pancreas cannot produce insulin, which occurs against the background of elevated glucose levels.

As a result, the sensitivity of the cell membrane responsible for hormone recognition decreases. At the same time, even if the hormone penetrates the cell, the natural effect does not occur. This condition is called insulin resistance, when the cell is resistant to the effects of insulin.

Type 2 diabetes symptoms

The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are nonspecific. Their appearance, as a rule, is not noticed, because. a person does not experience significant discomfort in well-being.

However, knowing them, you can consult a doctor in a timely manner and determine the glucose concentration in the blood. This will be the key to successful compensation for diabetes and reduce the risk of complications.

The main manifestations of this pathology are:

be careful

According to the World Health Organization, 2 million people die every year from diabetes and its complications. In the absence of qualified body support, diabetes leads to various complications, gradually destroying the human body.

The most common complications are: diabetic gangrene, nephropathy, retinopathy, trophic ulcers, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis. Diabetes can also lead to the development of cancerous tumors. In almost all cases, a diabetic either dies while struggling with a painful disease, or turns into a real invalid.

What should people with diabetes do? The Endocrinological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences succeeded make a remedy completely curing diabetes.

Currently, the Federal program "Healthy Nation" is underway, within the framework of which this drug is issued to every resident of the Russian Federation and the CIS IS FREE. For detailed information, see official website MINISTRY OF HEALTH.

1. An increase in the amount of urine that makes a person go to the toilet even at night.
2. Desire to constantly drink plenty of water.
3. Dry mouth.
4. Sensation of itching of the mucous membranes (vagina, urethra).
5. Increased appetite associated with impaired leptin synthesis.

Poor wound healing ability, furunculosis (pustules on the skin), fungal infections, impotence are common and important indicators of the presence of diabetes. The disease can also be detected for the first time only when admitted to the hospital for a heart attack or stroke. This indicates the development of severe complications.

Classical symptoms appear only when the glucose level rises above the renal threshold (10 mmol / l), i.e. at this level, sugar appears in the urine. Exceeding the normative values ​​of glucose, but less than 10 mmol / l of blood, as a rule, is not felt by a person.

Therefore, the accidental diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is a very common phenomenon.

It should be taken into account that protein glycation begins immediately when the glucose level exceeds the norm. Therefore, early detection of diabetes will avoid severe complications associated with the deposition of glycated proteins in the vascular wall.

Treatment of the disease: insulin and herbal medicine

Treatment with insulin

Insulin is used to treat type 2 diabetes when the release of insulin from the stomach is low. The choice of insulin should be based on the diet and exercise of the patient.
If a low-carbohydrate diet is prescribed, then in addition to taking insulin, it is necessary to check and maintain normal blood sugar levels every day for a week.
Positive results of treatment with insulin:

Our readers write

Topic: Defeated diabetes

From: Lyudmila S ( [email protected])

To: Administration my-diabet.ru

At 47, I was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In a few weeks I gained almost 15 kg. Constant fatigue, drowsiness, feeling of weakness, vision began to sit down. When I turned 66 years old, I was already steadily injecting myself with insulin, everything was very bad ...

And here is my story

The disease continued to develop, periodic attacks began, the ambulance literally brought me back from the next world. I always thought that this time would be the last...

Everything changed when my daughter gave me one article to read on the Internet. You have no idea how grateful I am to her. This article helped me completely get rid of diabetes, a supposedly incurable disease. For the last 2 years, I started to move more, in spring and summer I go to the country every day, my husband and I lead an active lifestyle, we travel a lot. Everyone is surprised how I manage to do everything, where so much strength and energy come from, everyone will not believe that I am 66 years old.

Who wants to live a long, energetic life and forget about this terrible disease forever, take 5 minutes and read this article.

Go to article>>>

• Decreased blood sugar levels on an empty stomach and after meals;
• Increased production of insulin in the pancreas in response to an increase in glucose or food intake;
• Decrease in the level of gluconeogenesis;
• The production of glucose by the liver is observed;
• Slowing down the secretion of glucagon after eating;
• Positive changes in the profile of lipoproteins and lipids;
• Decrease in the degree of lipolysis after eating;
• An improvement in anaerobic and aerobic glycolysis is observed;
• Decrease in the level of glycation of lipoproteins and proteins.

For diabetics with type 2 diabetes, who are obese, the dosage is set higher than for the rest. The number of injections and the level of dosage depends on the level of sugar in the blood, on the condition of the patient and on the diet.

Mostly prescribed bolus insulin therapy. During it, a human insulin analogue is administered 2 times a day. Two types of insulin are commonly used - short-acting and intermediate-acting.

Phytotherapy

Be sure to use the following types of herbs:

1. Plants to improve the functioning of the immune system - ginseng root, lemongrass seeds, eleutherococcus rhizomes, pink radiola or golden root, aralia root;
2. Plants to accelerate the appearance of beta cells - burdock roots, linseeds, licorice roots, blueberry fruits and shoots, galega grass, plantain leaves, walnut leaves;
3. Herbs for lowering blood sugar - the roots of burdock, dandelion, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, elecampane, knotweed or knotweed, birch buds, sage, arnica, laurel, lemon balm, sage, ginseng, bean and pea leaves;
4. Plants to strengthen the structure of the walls of blood vessels - Japanese Sophora, garlic cloves, pulp and lemon zest, mint leaves, chestnut fruits, hawthorn, sweet clover grass, sea buckthorn, rose hips, mountain ash, lingonberries, dandelion;
5. Plants to improve the vital activity of the stomach and intestines - burdock root, dandelion, milk thistle seeds in ground form, in the form of tea or decoction. Enzymes and vitamins are also taken - bifidobacteria (they can be found in various dairy products, preparations containing bifidobacteria are also commercially available), sorbents (fiber and pectin in fruits and vegetables), you can also take grass hay, aloe, spicy greens;
6. Plants to prevent diabetic complications - knotweed, clover, licorice, chamomile, violet. You also need to take vitamins for vision - blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, sea buckthorn, raspberries, nettle leaves and knotweed.

Herbs can be used as a decoction or tincture. The decoction should include no more than 10 names of plants of different effects. The best option is 5-6 types of herbs.

Stories from our readers

Defeated diabetes at home. It's been a month since I forgot about sugar spikes and taking insulin. Oh, how I used to suffer, constant fainting, emergency calls ... How many times I went to endocrinologists, but they say only one thing - "Take insulin." And now the 5th week has gone, as the blood sugar level is normal, not a single injection of insulin, and all thanks to this article. Anyone with diabetes should read this!

Read full article >>>

Dry collection should be brewed with hot water or made into a tincture. You need to use 3-4 times a day.

Diet - what you can and cannot eat when you are sick

Proper diet and well-designed menu is of great importance. A diet for type 2 diabetes can control mild forms of the disease and avoid taking medications. The patient is prescribed a therapeutic diet No. 9, aimed at restoring metabolic processes in the body. The basic principles of the diet are as follows:

• Easily digestible carbohydrates (sweets, flour and confectionery products, sweet fruits and berries) are excluded from the diet.
• Up to 50% of animal fats are replaced with vegetable oils.
• Daily consumption of fresh vegetables containing healthy fiber is recommended.
• Food is taken in small portions 4-6 times a day.
• Make sure that the diet is balanced and satisfies the body's needs for essential nutrients, vitamins and trace elements.

1. Lungs. These are carbohydrates that are instantly absorbed in the intestines and very quickly raise the concentration of sugar in the blood to high values. These include glucose and fructose.
2. Heavy. When they enter the intestines, they are absorbed much more slowly, respectively, and sugar is raised slightly. This group of carbohydrates includes fiber and starch. These carbohydrates can be consumed in limited quantities.

Foods to Avoid in Type 2 Diabetes:

• Sugar, sweets (chocolate, sweets, honey, jam, etc.);
• Flour and confectionery products (cakes, pastries, cookies);
• Bakery products made from white flour;
• Semolina;
• Pasta;
• Sweet fruits (bananas, pears, grapes).

They can dramatically raise blood sugar levels and cause a diabetic coma.

Foods that can be consumed in limited quantities:

• Potato:
• Black bread;
• Cereals (except semolina);
• Legumes (beans, peas).

And finally, foods that can be consumed without restrictions in type 2 diabetes:

• Lean meat and fish;
• Milk and dairy products (kefir, fermented baked milk, cheese, cottage cheese);
• Eggs;
• Mushrooms;
• Vegetables (cabbage, beets, radishes, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini, eggplant, pumpkin, etc.);
• Fruits (apples, plums, pears);
• Greens;
• Forest berries, cherries, cherries.

Many patients know that sweet berries are forbidden to eat. But what about the largest and sweetest berry and is it possible to eat watermelon with type 2 diabetes? Doctors allow the use of watermelon for non-insulin-dependent diabetes, but limit the daily intake of this product to 250-300 grams. If the patient increases this rate during the watermelon season, he should refuse other products containing carbohydrates.

Watermelon contains virtually no calories, but has a fairly high glycemic index. A diet based on this product helps to reduce weight, but stimulates appetite by increasing blood glucose levels. Therefore, watermelon should be introduced into the menu gradually and in small portions, then there will be no harm from it.

Regarding such seemingly healthy and natural products as honey and jam, the opinion of experts is unequivocal - you can’t use them! They contain "fast" carbohydrates, which raise blood glucose levels very quickly and can provoke dangerous complications.

Diet for type 2 diabetes table

Product types	1 group (unlimited consumption)	2 group (possible, but limited)	3rd group (no)
Bakery products and cereals	bran bread	Ordinary bread, bakery products, cereals, pasta	Cookies, confectionery (cakes, pastries)
Vegetables, root vegetables, herbs	All types of cabbage, sorrel, fresh herbs, tomatoes, cucumbers, zucchini, sweet peppers, eggplants, carrots, turnips, radishes, mushrooms, onions	Boiled potatoes, corn and legumes (not canned)	Fried potatoes, white rice, or fried vegetables
Fruits, berries	Lemon, quince, cranberry	Apples, berries (currants, raspberries, blueberries), cherries, peaches, plums, bananas, watermelon, oranges, figs
Seasonings, spices	Pepper, cinnamon, spices, herbs, mustard	Salad seasonings, homemade low-fat mayonnaise	Fatty mayonnaise, ketchup, overcooking
broths	Fish (low-fat), vegetable	Broths with the addition of cereals	Fatty broths
Dairy	Low-fat types of cheese, kefir	Low-fat milk, sour-milk products, cheese, natural yoghurts	Butter, sour cream, cream, condensed milk, fatty cheeses
Fish and seafood	Lean fish fillet	Medium fat fish, oysters, squid, shrimp, crayfish and mussels	Fatty fish, eel, caviar, canned food in oil, herring, mackerel
Meat and products from it		Chicken, rabbit, veal, turkey, lean beef	Duck, goose, bacon, sausages, fatty meats and canned meats
Fats		Olive, linseed, corn or sunflower oil	Salo
desserts	fruit salads	fruit jelly without sugar	Ice cream, puddings
Bakery products		Confectionery prepared with unsaturated fats and sweeteners	Cakes, pies, biscuit
Sweets	Only on sweeteners		Chocolate, sweets, especially with nuts, honey
nuts		Hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts and pine nuts, chestnuts, pistachios, sunflower seeds	Coconut, peanut
Beverages	Unsweetened tea and coffee without added cream, mineral water, drinks with sweeteners		Alcoholic drinks

Diet 9 for type 2 diabetes

If such a diagnosis is made, then therapeutic diet, which implies the intake of a minimum amount of foods containing carbohydrates and fats is indispensable, since such food contributes to the progression of the disease. If this diet was chosen for type 2 diabetes, then follow the above nutritional rules. It is important to completely eliminate fried, spicy, smoked and canned foods, as well as alcohol. Sugar can be replaced with sugar-containing substitutes, such as stevia. Consider a menu example:

• in the morning: oatmeal with low-fat milk;
• snack: fruit salad;
• dinner: vegetable salad, soup with mushrooms and pearl barley, a piece of boiled fish and pumpkin puree, and an apple;
• snack: toast and tomatoes;
• dinner: a piece of meat, which is better to boil, and. After a while, you can drink kefir.

Low carb diet for type 2 diabetes

Diabetics have their own reasons for making a menu for the week, and the diet consisted of certain foods.

It is patients with diabetes who most often suffer from overweight, as a rule, they have insulin resistance, which means that hyperinsulinism develops. It is an excess amount of insulin that causes diseases of the heart and blood vessels, and also leads to obesity.

The main goal pursued by such a diet in diabetics is to achieve a decrease in the concentration of insulin in the blood. With a decrease in body weight, the susceptibility of tissues to insulin decreases, the total amount of this hormone in the blood falls, as a result of which glucose in the body begins to be utilized normally.

How a low-carbohydrate diet works in type 2 diabetes

This diet for diabetics is the best way combating type 2 diabetes. When following a low-carbohydrate diet, a person achieves several goals at once, but they all lead to the same end result - an improvement in the state of the body.

Due to the fact that the intake of carbohydrates with food is significantly reduced, the level of glucose in the blood returns to normal. This causes a decrease in the load on the pancreas, as a result of which it synthesizes less insulin, and the dead cells begin to recover.

When there is a decrease in insulin peaks, the process of burning fat (lipolysis) is activated and a person loses weight, this also applies to diabetics.

Weight loss helps to increase the sensitivity of cells to glucose and insulin, the absorption of sugar is greatly improved, as a result of which its content in the blood is normalized.

Besides:

1. the lipid spectrum is restored,
2. the intensity of inflammation decreases,
3. proliferative phenomena in the cells of the vascular wall are reduced,
4. the consequences of diabetes detected at an early stage are leveled.

Naturally, all this cannot happen in one day or even a month. Recovery may take several months before the first results appear, but the effort is worth it.

Menu for a week with a low-carb diet

When compiling your individual diet, it is necessary to take into account the amount of carbohydrates in foods, but it is not necessary to count proteins and fats.

To develop a weekly menu, you can take the following template as a basis:

1. Breakfast should consist of protein foods (cottage cheese, yogurt, eggs, meat), you can drink green tea without sugar, by the way, you can also drink green tea with pancreatitis.
2. For lunch, you can eat fish and meat dishes with a salad of vegetables or a small amount of slowly digestible carbohydrates (bread, cereals).
3. For dinner, fish or meat is also recommended (it is best to boil or bake them). Vegetable salad or seafood salad, unsweetened fruit.

Drawing conclusions

If you are reading these lines, we can conclude that you or your loved ones have diabetes.

We conducted an investigation, studied a bunch of materials and, most importantly, tested most of the methods and drugs for diabetes. The verdict is:

All drugs, if they gave, then only a temporary result, as soon as the reception was stopped, the disease sharply intensified.

The only drug that has given a significant result is Difort.

At the moment, this is the only drug that can completely cure diabetes. Difort showed a particularly strong effect in the early stages of the development of diabetes.

We made a request to the Ministry of Health:

And for readers of our site now there is an opportunity
receive DEFORTH. IS FREE!

Attention! Cases of the sale of counterfeit Difort have become more frequent.
By placing an order using the links above, you are guaranteed to receive a quality product from the official manufacturer. In addition, ordering official website, you get a money back guarantee (including shipping costs) if the drug does not have a therapeutic effect.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common non-infectious chronic illness. It affects both men and women, most often over the age of 40. The danger of type 2 diabetes is underestimated by many, and some patients, in fact, are simply not informed that they are susceptible to the disease. And those of the patients who are aware of their pathology often do not know what it is - diabetes mellitus, what it threatens, and are unaware of its danger. As a result, type 2 diabetes can become severe and lead to life-threatening conditions. Meanwhile, adequate treatment and proper nutrition in type 2 diabetes, it can stop the development of the disease.

The reasons

When a person develops diabetes, the causes of this fact can be varied. The second type of disease often leads to:

• wrong diet;
• lack of physical activity;
• excess weight;
• heredity;
• stress;
• self-medication with drugs, for example, glucocorticosteroids.

In fact, often there is not one prerequisite, but a whole complex of reasons.

If we consider the occurrence of the disease from the point of view of pathogenesis, then type 2 diabetes mellitus is caused by a relative lack of insulin in the blood. This is the name of the state when the insulin protein produced by the pancreas becomes inaccessible to insulin receptors located on cell membranes. As a result, cells are deprived of the ability to absorb sugar (glucose), which leads to a lack of supply of glucose to cells, and also, which is no less dangerous, to the accumulation of glucose in the blood and its deposition in various tissues. By this criterion, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus differs from type 1 diabetes, in which the pancreas produces insufficient insulin.

Symptoms

Symptoms of the disease largely depend on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, the patient may not feel a serious ailment, with the exception of increased fatigue, dry mouth, increased thirst and appetite. This condition is usually attributed to the wrong diet, chronic fatigue syndrome, stress. However, in fact, the cause is a latent pathology. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:

• poor wound healing
• weakening of the immune system
• pain and swelling in the limbs,
• headache,
• dermatitis.

However, often patients do not correctly interpret even a set of such symptoms, and diabetes develops unhindered until it reaches intractable stages or leads to life-threatening conditions.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, treatment

In fact, there is not enough effective methods that increase the uptake of glucose by cells, so the main emphasis in treatment is on lowering the concentration of sugar in the blood. In addition, efforts should be aimed at reducing the patient's excess weight, bringing it back to normal, since the abundance of adipose tissue plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes.

The main factor influencing the likelihood of developing complications in type 2 diabetes is a violation of lipid metabolism. An excess amount of cholesterol that differs from the norm can lead to the development of angiopathy.

Treatment Methods

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that requires long-term and persistent therapy. In fact, all the methods used are divided into three groups:

• taking drugs,
• diet,
• lifestyle change.

Effective treatment of type 2 diabetes involves the fight not only with diabetes itself, but also with concomitant diseases, such as:

• obesity,
• hypertension,
• angiopathy,
• neuropathy,
• depression.

Type 2 diabetes is treated on an outpatient basis and at home. Only patients with hyperglycemic and hyperosmolar coma, ketoacidosis, severe forms of neuropathies and angiopathy, and strokes are subject to hospitalization.

Drugs against diabetes

In fact, all medications are divided into two main groups - those that affect the production of insulin, and those that do not.

The main drug of the second group is metformin from the biguanide class. This drug is most often prescribed for type 2 diabetes. Without affecting the cells of the pancreas, it maintains blood glucose at normal levels. The drug does not threaten a critically low decrease in glucose levels. Metformin also burns fat and reduces appetite, which leads to a decrease in the patient's excess weight. However, an overdose of the drug can be dangerous, as a serious pathological condition with a high percentage of mortality - lactic acidosis can occur.

Typical representatives of another group of drugs that affect the production of insulin are sulfonylurea derivatives. They directly stimulate pancreatic beta cells, causing them to produce more insulin. However, an overdose of these drugs threatens the patient with a hypoglycemic crisis. Sulfonylureas are usually taken with metformin.

There are other types of drugs. Incretin mimetics (GLP-1 agonists) and DPP-4 inhibitors belong to the class of drugs that increase insulin production depending on glucose concentration. These are new drugs, and so far they are quite expensive. They inhibit the synthesis of the sugar-raising hormone glucagon, enhance the action of incretins - gastrointestinal hormones that increase insulin production.

There is also a drug that prevents the absorption of glucose in the gastrointestinal tract - acarbose. This tool does not affect the production of insulin. Acarbose is often prescribed prophylactically to prevent diabetes.

There are also medicines that enhance the excretion of glucose in the urine, and drugs that increase the sensitivity of cells to glucose.

Medical insulin is rarely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Most often, it is used with the ineffectiveness of therapy with other drugs, with a decompensated form of diabetes mellitus, when the pancreas is depleted and cannot produce enough insulin.

Type 2 diabetes is also often accompanied by comorbidities:

• angiopathy,
• depression
• neuropathies,
• hypertension
• lipid metabolism disorders.

If such diseases are found, then drugs are prescribed for their treatment.

Varieties of drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

Type of	mechanism of action	examples
Sulfonylureas	stimulation of insulin secretion	glibenclamide, chlorpropamide, tolazamide
Glinides	stimulation of insulin secretion	repaglinide, nateglinide
biguanides		metformin
Glitazones	decrease in glucose production by the liver and tissue resistance to glucose	pioglitazone
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors	slow absorption of glucose in the intestine	acarbose, miglitol
Glucanogon-like peptide receptor agonists		exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide
Gliptins (dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors)	glucose-dependent stimulation of insulin secretion and decrease in glucagon secretion	sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin
insulins	increased glucose utilization	Insulin

Diet

The essence of changing the diet in DM is the regulation of nutrients entering the gastrointestinal tract. The necessary nutrition should be determined by the endocrinologist individually for each patient, taking into account the severity of diabetes, concomitant diseases, age, lifestyle, etc.

There are several types of diets used for non-insulin-dependent diabetes (table number 9, low-carbohydrate diet, etc.). All of them have proven themselves well and differ from each other only in some details. But they agree on the basic principle - the norms of carbohydrate intake in case of illness should be strictly limited. First of all, this applies to products containing "fast" carbohydrates, that is, carbohydrates that are very quickly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Fast carbohydrates are found in refined sugar, jams, confectionery, chocolate, ice cream, desserts, baked goods. In addition to reducing the amount of carbohydrates, it is necessary to strive to reduce body weight, since increased weight is a factor that aggravates the course of the disease.

Other instructions

It is recommended that you increase your water intake to replace the fluid lost during frequent urination, which often accompanies diabetes. Along with this, it is necessary to completely abandon sugary drinks - cola, lemonade, kvass, juices and tea with sugar. In fact, you can only drink drinks that do not contain sugars - mineral and plain water, unsweetened tea and coffee. It must be remembered that drinking alcohol can also be harmful - due to the fact that alcohol disrupts glucose metabolism.

Meals should be regular - at least 3 times a day, and best of all - 5-6 times a day. You should not sit down at the dinner table immediately after exercise.

How to monitor blood glucose levels

The essence of diabetes therapy is self-control on the part of the patient. In type 2 diabetes, the sugar level should be within the normal range, or close to it. Therefore, the patient needs to control his sugar level on his own in order to avoid critical increases. To do this, it is advisable to keep a diary in which the values ​​\u200b\u200bof the concentration of glucose in the blood will be recorded. You can take glucose measurements with special portable glucometers equipped with test strips. It is advisable to perform the measurement procedure every day. The best time to measure is early morning. Before the procedure, it is forbidden to take any food. If possible, the procedure can be repeated several times a day and the sugar level can be determined not only in the morning on an empty stomach, but also after meals, before going to bed, etc. Knowing the graph of changes in blood glucose, the patient will be able to quickly adjust his diet and lifestyle, so that the glucose indicator would be in the normal state.

However, the presence of a glucometer does not relieve the patient of the need to regularly check the blood sugar level in the outpatient clinic, since the values ​​obtained in the laboratory are more accurate.

It's not that hard to control your sugar levels when consuming food, as most grocery items are labeled with their energy value and the amount of carbohydrates they contain. There are diabetic counterparts to conventional foods that replace carbohydrates with low-calorie sweeteners (sorbitol, xylitol, aspartame).

Fasting blood sugar level

Fruits and vegetables

Is it possible to eat fruits and berries with type 2 diabetes? Preference should be given to vegetables that contain a large amount of indigestible, but useful for digestion, fiber and less sugar. However, many vegetables, such as potatoes, beets, and carrots, are high in starch and should be limited. Fruits can be consumed in moderation, and only those that do not contain very high amounts of carbohydrates. Among fruits, bananas hold the record for carbohydrate content, followed by grapes and melons. They are not recommended to use, as they can increase blood sugar levels.

Folk remedies

Folk remedies involve taking decoctions medicinal herbs. Such therapy can not only lower blood glucose levels, but also reduce appetite, reduce excess weight. However folk remedies can only be taken in addition to taking medication and in consultation with your doctor.

Physical exercises

An auxiliary method of therapy is physical exercises. During moderate-intensity exercise, the body burns large amounts of glucose. The metabolism returns to normal, the cardiovascular system is strengthened. Study exercise needed every day. However, the exercises should not be exhausting, as this can only achieve the opposite effect. With severe fatigue, appetite increases, and a hearty meal can negate all the positive effects of physical activity. Fatigue provokes stress and the release of adrenal hormones, which increases blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is recommended to select the type of physical activity that would suit the patient's athletic form - simple exercises, exercises with dumbbells or walking, jogging, swimming, cycling.

Energy costs for various activities

Forecast

In severe cases, when type 2 diabetes mellitus reaches the stage of decompensation, then, as a rule, it is already impossible to reverse the disease and return glucose levels to normal - due to the depletion of the resources of the pancreas and the body as a whole. Therefore, type 2 diabetes in such a situation is an incurable disease. However, the correct treatment of type 2 diabetes can prolong the patient's life for many years. At the initial stage of type 2 diabetes mellitus, it is possible to control the concentration of glucose in the blood and maintain it within acceptable limits only by changing the diet and lifestyle, and increasing physical activity. As a result, the patient can live for many decades and not face any complications of diabetes.

We have already mentioned that diabetes is a chronic disease.

At the moment, there is no cure for it, and all “side” drugs and techniques are aimed solely at stopping or delaying a number of complications in this disease, which sooner or later will manifest themselves anyway.

"Sugar disease" in its destructive effect is so multifaceted that it is possible to increase the patient's life only if both the endocrinologist and the patient themselves fight together against this disease.

For the most part, the leading role in the treatment process, of course, should be played by the diabetic himself, because no one except him will be able to respond in time to the slightest signals sent by the body, and the first thing any patient should do is self-control.

We dare to give a little advice to our readers. Keep a personal diary in which you will record your readings daily. Thus, you can track all quantitative fluctuations during the day in time and warn them in time. How to respond to certain changes will tell you either the attending physician or our subsequent advice.

To put it simply, the algorithm for the modern treatment of type 2 diabetes is as follows:

1. Diet
2. Medicines
3. Normalized physical activity
4. Maintaining self-control
5. Prevention of late complications in diabetes mellitus

Let's just say that personally we are not entirely in solidarity with traditional methods. In this therapy, we are very confused by drug intervention in the treatment process.

We would recommend to refrain from taking any drugs for as long as possible and, if possible, limit yourself to diet, self-control, lead an active lifestyle and thereby delay the further development of diabetes and its complications.

In addition, instilling eating habits is a rather long-term process that many diabetics do not cope with right away.

The main goal of introducing diet and physical activity into therapy is to strive to normalize the disturbed metabolic processes of substances in the body (carbohydrate, fat, protein and water-salt), in order to bring the patient's condition closer to normal. Thus, it is possible not only to normalize all processes, but also to correct the weight of the patient. With weight loss, special emphasis is placed on low-carbohydrate or balanced diets.

At the same time, a complete refusal of food is completely wrong, and such a technique as fasting in diabetes is unacceptable.

We do not exclude the fact that with high-quality fasting (in the process of following all the recommendations, total control and supervision of the patient by a real practitioner in this field!) You can achieve amazing results.

BUT! At the moment, we cannot say for sure that there are many such specialists in Russia. Moreover, consider themselves professional specialists and those who simply pull money out of unfortunate people. They manipulate the fear of a person, driving him into a dead end, scaring him with scary stories about unfortunate people who were treated in traditional ways and could not live a “worthy” and long life. At the same time, they talk about the incredible healing of people after a 40-day fast, so much so that the unfortunate begins to fully believe this "doctor", because patients are surrounded by sufferers who allegedly recovered by a miracle, telling him about their false destinies.

Recall! The hardest part about fasting is getting started and finishing the process right. With the wrong method of fasting, you can very much harm the whole body! The consequences of such methods developed by crooked-handed and sweet-voiced "specialists" are actually terrible. Therefore, before entrusting someone with your life, health and a fabulous amount of money, check all regulatory documents and their authenticity, because you can print ready-made review forms on any color printer.

And remember that none of them is responsible for your life and health, because you yourself agree to such experiments.

No one forced or forced you. At the same time, all checks usually bear the inscription: “Voluntary donation in the amount of….”

But back to our topic.

So, in order to lose excess weight, which largely interferes with the normalization of all metabolic processes, improve your health and almost completely forget about diabetes, you need to clearly understand that:

• Without desire, aspiration and willpower, nothing will come of it.
• It is important to follow all the recommendations of the attending physician (but do not swallow pills that are “useful” in the most extreme case, when it is simply impossible to live without their intervention)
• You need to diversify your life with a love of training (love the gym, because without them it will be more difficult for you to join the ranks of healthy people living a full life)
• Eat right (watch what and how much you consume)
• Never lose heart (despondency is the enemy of any person, which drives him into an even more difficult state - depression)
• Remember that all the diseases that have clung to us progress against the background of a complex stressful state (do not let negative emotions cloud your mind)
• Any diet should be adjusted depending on the current state (if you have already lost a certain amount of kilograms, usually 10 or more, then you need to reduce the total daily calories, etc.)

Diabetics should completely eliminate:

• sugar and sugar syrups (jam, condensed milk)
• confectionery (sweets, cookies, pastries, cakes, etc.)
• white baked goods
• fruits and dried fruits (it is allowed to drink compotes, but without sugar)
• beer, spirits and sweet wines
• sugary drinks (including packaged store-bought juices with sugar)

The process of cooking is also important! Eating highly fatty foods, deep-fried, is dangerous not only for diabetics, but also for healthy people. Try to cook dishes with ingredients in a small amount of oil and fat. It is better to eat fresh vegetables and herbs, when cooking, try not to cook them a little. It is best to steam or bake foods in their own juices in the oven. Choose lean meats, fish, and other seafood. It is also not recommended to lean on salt.

Drink more water! Do not allow dehydration of the body. In diabetics, all excess sugar and oxidation components after metabolic processes are excreted with an abundance of urine. That is why the process of urination can be difficult and they are more likely than others to go out of need. At the same time, be careful with any tea drinks. Remember that any tea is a diuretic.

When following a diet, it is also worth remembering the vitamin balance. In diabetics, many nutrients are also washed out of the body with urine, which do not have time to be absorbed in time, and if the patient adheres to a diet, the amount of vitamins is sharply reduced, especially in the off-season or in winter. To ensure the normal course of redox processes, it is important to consume a sufficient amount of fresh vegetables, greens, which contain fiber. Sometimes an endocrinologist may prescribe some additional vitamin complex.

Tobacco smoking, which increases the already high level of lipid peroxidation in diabetes, is strictly prohibited. Also, you can not drink alcohol, even in small doses. All this has an extremely detrimental effect on the functions of all organs, on the central and peripheral nervous systems.

How to calculate your daily calorie intake

We perfectly understand how doctors work in city and regional hospitals. Such wages do not at all stimulate them to conduct a more thorough analysis and work with each patient who comes to the hospital with a particular issue. Therefore, most likely, in working with a patient, the doctor will limit himself to some general recommendations and advice. To get more specific and high-quality advice, you have to contact either a paid clinic, or look for answers to your questions yourself.

And in the first and second cases, no one will give you any guarantees, because in a paid clinic you will have to repay literally every breath you take (as long as finances allow), and when you search for information on your own, you can come across groundless, empty, stupid and even dangerous advice that is far from factual.

Therefore, we will place in this article one technique that, thanks to some calculations, will allow us to calculate the individual daily calorie intake. To do this, you need to have only a few knowledge (to know: weight, height, age, gender and activity level).

Of course, you can limit yourself to studying the simpler information in the table below, but it is much more important to conduct a detailed analysis and calculations in order to identify your own criteria.

Daily rate

men	age	norm	excess	norm	excess	Women
	19-24	2600	2080	2200	1780
	25-50	2400	1920	2000	1600
	51-64	2200	1780	1800	1440
	over 64	1900	1520	1600	1280

Why does total calorie intake decrease with age?

The thing is that the older the person, the slower his metabolism. All metabolic processes slow down and, accordingly, a smaller amount of "fuel" - food - is required for the normalization and energy supply of the body. Therefore, people over the age of 40 who are overweight fall into a special increased risk group for developing or.

Calculation of individual criteria

• activity level

From the table below, select the definition that suits you and separately write down its coefficient.

coefficient	definition	description
1.2	inactive	inactive lifestyle without physical activity (sedentary work - home - work)
1.375	inactive	occasional gym workouts (about 2 days a week)
1.55	active	more frequent workouts (about 3 - 5 days a week)
1.725	very active	frequent workouts (every day)
1.9	hyperactive	a large number of physical activity(professional sports, daily many hours of training or physical labor)

When determining your level of activity, you need to be as honest as possible. The accuracy of subsequent calculations depends on this.

• Total metabolism per day

He calculates according to the formula, taking into account gender differences.

For men: 66.47+(13.7×weight/kg)+(5×height/cm)-(6.76×age)

For women: 655.1+(9.6×weight/kg)+(1.8×height/cm)-(4.7×age)

For example, the weight of a fifty-six-year-old woman of average height is 115kg, her daily intake will be: 655.1+(9.6×115)+(1.8×168)-(4.7×65)=1756 kcal/day

However, do not forget that fast weight loss fraught with negative consequences, especially for a diabetic, who already had a serious failure in his lipid, carbohydrate, purine, water-salt metabolism already at his diagnosis.

normal, healthy weight loss with overweight and diagnosed obesity, only 4 or 5 kg per month is possible!

The indicator obtained at this stage is only a rough, dirty criterion that requires further polishing and cutting, because such a daily rate is very conditional!

• Calorie norm

Calculated according to the formula: total metabolism per day×activity level

It turns out, 1756 × 1.2 (the person is inactive, does not engage in heavy physical labor and leads a predominantly “sedentary” lifestyle) = 2107.2 kcal / day

In other words, a person should consume approximately 2108 calories, but in order to lose weight, he needs to subtract 500 kcal from this amount. We get 1608. The best option will be presented to us by calculating the calorie corridor, which will allow us to determine the low and high limits.

Low limit: 1608-250=1358

High limit: 1608+100=1708

Thus, we will receive approximate guidelines in order to vary the calorie content of the daily diet within acceptable limits. At the same time, the level and speed that are characteristic of healthy, smooth weight loss is achieved.

The norm of proteins, fats and carbohydrates

But when compiling a diet, planning appropriate treatment for type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to observe the balance of various substances and trace elements. The daily diet should contain: carbohydrates - 45-60%, fats - 20-35%, proteins - 10-16% of the daily norm.

How to determine their exact number for a particular person?

In this case, we will be helped by the previously obtained indicators of the corridor of calories (low and high limits) to calculate the corridor of nutrients.

Low level:

• proteins 1358×0.10÷4=33.95
• fats 1358×0.20÷9=30.17
• carbohydrates 1358×0.45÷4=152.77

High level:

• proteins 1708×0.16÷4=68.32
• fats 1708×0.35÷9=66.42
• carbohydrates 1708×0.60÷4=256.2

In addition, when compiling your menu, it would be nice to classify foods according to their usefulness for a diabetic. Will help with this.

self control

The next thing that is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes after diet and normalized physical activity is self-control!

To do this, you can either print this page with tabular data, or draw them yourself in your personal diary.

Self-control (standard from 1993)

Indicators	Control
	good	satisfactory	bad
Glucose
on an empty stomach	4.4 - 6.1	6.2 - 7.8	>7.8
after meal	5.5 - 8.0	11.1 - 14.0	>14.0
HbA1C (N<6%)	<6.5	6.5 - 7.5	>7.5
HbA1C (N<7.5%)	<8.0	8.0 - 9.5	>9.5
total cholesterol
mmol/liter	<5.2	5.2 - 6.5	>6.5
Fasting triglycerides
mmol/liter	<1.7	1.7 - 2.2	>2.2
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)
men	<25.0	25.0 - 27.0	>27.0
women	<24.0	24.0 - 26.0	>26.0

With the European norm, developed in 1993 by the group on insulin-dependent diabetes, it is proposed to monitor the following biochemical parameters:

• Glucose level

Blood sugar levels vary throughout the day and are directly related to the quality and quantity of food consumed.

If you consume food rich in fast carbohydrates, then, of course, the blood sugar level will increase very much. If you eat foods with slow carbohydrates, then the “sugar” level will also rise, but not critically. Within 5 hours after eating, a gradual normalization will occur.

You can learn more about carbohydrate-containing products and the process of their interaction with our “inner world” from the article:

Therefore, control must be carried out, as you may have guessed, during the day. Usually the first blood sampling takes place in the morning on an empty stomach until breakfast. Then after every meal. Glucometers can help you measure your glucose levels at home.

With inpatient or sanatorium treatment, an additional method of control is. It is also possible to pass a similar analysis during outpatient treatment with direct receipt of a referral from the attending endocrinologist.

Compensation of carbohydrate metabolism

Study Time	Glucose content (mmol/liter)
	perfect compensation	satisfactory compensation
before breakfast	3.89 - 5.0	3.87 - 6.11
before any meal	3.89 - 5.83	3.89 - 7.22
After meal
After 1 hour	6.11 - 8.88	6.11 - 9.99
In 2 hours	4.44 - 6.66	4.44 - 8.33
at 2 and 4 p.m.	3.89 - 5.0	3.89 - 6.66

Looking ahead, we note that it is necessary to conduct more enhanced self-control in order to stop or hypoglycemia before, during and after training or any physical activity. Very often, patients turn to the doctor at a critical moment, who do not take this fact into account while working on their garden plot.

Remember: digging beds for planting, landscaping the site, caring for and harvesting - all this refers to increased physical exertion. At this time and after work, you need to monitor your health especially often.

If you forget about it, then start an alarm clock that would beep every 30 - 40 minutes!

A portable express blood cholesterol analyzer that has several test strips will help you measure the level of total cholesterol at home. Similar devices allow you to find out not only the level of "bad cholesterol" (LDL cholesterol of low density lipoproteins) and "good cholesterol" (HDL cholesterol of high density lipoproteins), i.e. show the amount of triglycerides, as well as the level of glucose in the blood.

Typically, such a set consists of several items: a lancet (a pen with a needle at the end), the device itself, which measures the readings and a set of test strips that act like litmus paper when a drop of blood is taken onto a strip soaked in a special chemical solution that enters react when in contact with human blood.

It is necessary to take blood for analysis strictly on an empty stomach! (with a twelve-hour fast)

The strip is inserted into the niche of the device and it remains only to wait for the publication of information that will be reflected on the monitor in the form of symbols, which the attached instructions will allow to decipher.

It is not necessary to buy an expensive express analyzer. You can take a referral from an endocrinologist and donate blood as part of a laboratory analysis.

• Body mass index

To calculate BMI (body mass index), you need to know your height and weight.

Formula: BMI \u003d weight / kg ÷ height / m 2

Thus, if a person's weight is 95kg with a height of 175cm, then: 95÷(1.75×1.75)=31

And then we check the diagnostic table, which also reflects the level of risk of developing endocrine diseases in conjunction with cardiovascular and other types of complications in the presence of overweight and obesity.

BMI (kg / m 2)	Diagnostics	Level of risk
<18.5	underweight	low (medium risk of developing other diseases)
18.5 - 24.9	normal body weight	normal condition without complications
25 - 29.9	overweight	elevated can diagnose prediabetes
30.0 - 34.9	obesity I degree	high (metabolic syndrome)
35.0 - 39.9	obesity II degree	very tall
≥40	obesity III degree	extremely high

If the above methods do not help to normalize the patient's condition, then apply insulin therapy, which is shown in the following cases:

• ketoacidosis, diabetic coma;
• fast and strong weight loss;
• the occurrence of intercurrent diseases;
• surgical intervention in a critical condition of the patient;
• pregnancy and lactation;
• lack of effect from the use of other methods of treatment.

Only a doctor can prescribe this type of treatment for type 2 diabetes!

Medical treatment of type 2 diabetes

All treatment comes down to normalizing the level of glycemia and normalizing carbohydrate metabolism, stimulating insulin secretion and increasing cell susceptibility to insulin, and speeding up metabolism.

In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, sugar-burning drugs are also used. There are only two types of them: sulfonylurea derivatives and biguanides.

Sulfonylureas, depending on their action (central or peripheral), can act directly on the pancreas when stimulation of the pancreatic islets and insulin is produced, and the sensitivity of β-cells to glycemia improves. Such drugs can participate in the process of glucose utilization in the liver and muscle tissue, when the process of glycogen formation in them is enhanced. Other relatively positive results are also achieved, allowing the development time to be delayed.

But! Prolonged treatment leads to a strong decrease in sensitivity to them. Further attempts to increase the dosage do not lead to positive results!

Sulfonylureas Contraindications

In addition, if a person has the following complications, then these drugs are strictly prohibited to use:

• ketoacidosis,
• precomatose state
• diabetic coma
• pregnancy and lactation,
• the presence of any infectious disease,
• need for surgical intervention
• development of trophic skin lesions,
• the appearance of symptoms of developing renal or hepatic insufficiency,
• progressive weight loss of the patient.

Side effects

In some cases, taking drugs can provoke the development of the following complications and negative consequences:

• dyspepsia,
• allergic reactions,
• leukopenia,
• thrombocytopenia,
• agranulocytosis,
• toxic hepatitis.

In any case, remember that before conducting any experiments on your health, be sure to consult a doctor for a timely consultation!

The above should not push you towards rash self-treatment!

If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl+Enter.

Diabetes mellitus is an insidious disease, the presence of which can lead to stroke, heart attack and other diseases of the cardiovascular system. But it is timely treatment and the use of a therapeutic diet that helps in the fight against the disease and lead a normal life.

Krivoguz Igor Mikhailovich

Master of Medicine, family doctor, Sumy

Articles written

Diabetes mellitus is a pathology, which is based on a violation of the metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body with an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. There are 2 types of diabetes mellitus, depending on the production of the hypoglycemic hormone insulin by the pancreas:

• insulin-dependent type 1 (increase in glucose is associated with an insufficient amount of insulin);
• insulin-independent type 2 (impaired glucose utilization by cells at normal insulin levels).

Regardless of the type, adherence to specific dietary recommendations is a key factor in the management of diabetes.

Causes of type 2 diabetes

The essence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is the formation in all cells of a decrease in the sensitivity of membrane receptors to the physiological action of insulin (insulin resistance). This reduces the utilization (assimilation) of glucose by the cells of the body from the blood. The development of cell resistance to insulin develops as a result of its prolonged increased synthesis by the pancreas against the background of a significant amount of glucose ingested with food. This process develops for a long time, for years, so diabetes mellitus is usually observed in people over 40 years of age. There are several causes of type 2 diabetes mellitus:

• Abuse of sweets - excessive consumption of glucose, which is part of sweets, flour products, provokes a long-term increase in the level of insulin in the blood and sensitivity to it in all cells of the body.
• Age – People over 40 are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
• Heredity - the predisposition of cells to develop insulin resistance is inherited from parents to children. If dietary recommendations are not followed in such cases, the development of pathology of carbohydrate metabolism can occur up to 40 years.
• Completeness - an increased content of adipose tissue in the body reduces the sensitivity of cells to insulin.

Regardless of the causal precipitating factor, the type 2 diabetes diet is a key intervention to restore cell sensitivity to insulin.

Nutrition rules

Proper nutrition for type 2 diabetes includes the following basic rules:

• The 1st and most important rule is to strictly comply with the requirements of the diet and your doctor.
• Frequent (3-5 times a day) fractional meals in small portions.
• Body weight correction - it is necessary to try to reduce it, since there is a direct correlation between weight and cell sensitivity to insulin.
• Avoid fatty foods as much as possible, since fats, entering the blood from the intestines, impair the utilization of carbohydrates by body cells.
• Individual selection of a diet, depending on the age, gender and physical activity of a person.
• Controlling the intake of carbohydrates. The easiest way is to count bread units (XE). Each food product contains a certain amount of bread units, 1 XE increases blood glucose by 2 mmol / l.

It's important to know! 1 Bread unit (1 XE) is a measure for calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. 1 XE \u003d 10-12 gr. carbohydrates or 25 gr. of bread. At one meal, you need to consume no more than 6 XE, and the daily norm for an adult with normal body weight is 20-22 bread units.

Diet number 9 for diabetes

For the convenience of selection, nutritionists and endocrinologists have developed a diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus No. 9. It includes 3 food groups:

• Permitted foods - they can be taken without any restrictions. They do not contribute to an increase in blood sugar and insulin levels (proteins and vegetable carbohydrates in the form of fiber).
• Restricted foods - they are not forbidden to be taken, but it is necessary to strictly control the amount of their intake (fats).
• Prohibited Foods - Including these in the diet is not recommended, as they significantly increase the level of glucose and insulin in the blood (easily digestible refined carbohydrates).

To permitted products nutrition include:

• Bread rye, wheat from the second grade of flour and bran.
• Meat and dishes from it - veal, beef, chicken, rabbit.
• Mushrooms, but only in the form of soup.
• Fish - preference should be given to low-fat varieties of fish.
• Cereals - buckwheat, oatmeal, wheat, barley or barley groats.
• Skimmed milk or dairy products - cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt.
• No more than 2 egg whites per day. The use of yolks is excluded!
• Vegetables - eggplant, cabbage, zucchini, tomatoes, pumpkin. You can cook stews, soups, bake in the oven or on the grill, but you should try to eat more dishes from raw vegetables. Potatoes are also allowed in the menu of diet No. 9, but only under the control of the amount of carbohydrates that have entered the body with it (counting by bread units).
• Unsweetened berries and fruits - cherries, currants, apples, grapefruit, orange (provided there is no allergy). Can be used as .
• Compote from unsweetened varieties of fruits without added sugar.
• Tea (preferably green) and fruit and berry juices without sugar.

Limited Products nutrition include:

• Milk and cottage cheese with a high percentage of fat content, butter, hard salted cheese of any kind.
• Fatty meats and dishes from them - pork, lamb, duck.
• Semolina, white rice.
• Salted or smoked fish.

Prohibited foods include:

• Bakery products from premium flour, muffins, pies and cookies.
• Sweets - sweets, chocolate.
• Condensed milk and ice cream.
• Sweet varieties of berries and fruits are bananas, dates, figs, grapes, strawberries, strawberries and pears.
• Jam from any fruit or berry.
• Compotes and juices with added sugar, soft drinks and carbonated drinks with sugar syrup.
• Coffee and alcoholic drinks.

Diet type 2 - menu

Nutrition for type 2 diabetes should be carried out within the framework of such an exemplary diet menu for a week, which is presented in the table:

Day	meal	Dish	Quantity, g or ml
1st day	Breakfast	Buckwheat	250
		Low fat cheese	20
		Bread black	20
		Tea	100
	Snack	Apple	30
		Dried fruits	40
	Dinner	zucchini soup	250
		Pilaf with chicken meat	150
		Bread black	20
		Apple compote	40
	afternoon tea	Orange	50
		Dried fruits compote	30
	Dinner	Pumpkin porridge	200
		Fish	100
		tomato salad	100
		A piece of bread	20
		Currant compote	30
	Before bedtime	Kefir	150
2nd day	Breakfast	Oatmeal	250
		A piece of bread	20
		Tea	100
	Snack	Grapefruit	50
		Green tea	100
	Dinner	Mushroom soup	200
		Beef liver	150
		Rice porrige	50
		Bread	20
		Apple compote	100
	afternoon tea	Apple	100
		Mineral water	100
	Dinner	Barley porridge	200
		Bread	20
		Green tea	100
	Before bedtime	Kefir	100
3rd day	Breakfast	Apple and carrot salad	200
		Low-fat cottage cheese	100
		Bread	20
		Tea	100
	Snack	Apple	50
		Berry compote	100
	Dinner	Vegetable soup	200
		Beef Goulash	150
		A piece of bread	20
		Tea	100
	afternoon tea	apple salad	100
		Dried fruits compote	100
	Dinner	Boiled fish	150
		Millet porridge	150
		A piece of bread	20
		Green tea	100
	Before bedtime	Kefir	150
4th day	Breakfast	Buckwheat	150
		Bread	20
		Green tea	50
	Snack	Grapefruit	50
		Currant compote	100
	Dinner	Fish soup	250
		Vegetable stew	70
		chicken meatballs	150
		Bread	20
		Tea or compote	100
	afternoon tea	Apple	100
		Tea	100
	Dinner	Buckwheat	150
		tomato salad	100
		A piece of bread	20
		Green tea	100
	Before bedtime	Milk	100
5th day	Breakfast	Cabbage salad	70
		boiled fish	50
		A piece of bread	20
		Tea	100
	Snack	Dried fruits compote	100
	Dinner	Vegetable soup	250
		Braised chicken	70
		Bread	20
		Apple compote	100
	afternoon tea	Casserole	100
		Rosehip decoction	100
	Dinner	Steamed beef cutlets	150
		Vegetable Salad	40
		A piece of bread	20
		Green tea	100
	Before bedtime	Kefir	100
6th day	Breakfast	Oatmeal	200
		A piece of bread	20
		Black tea	100
	Snack	Apple	50
		Berry compote	100
	Dinner	Shchi from fresh cabbage	250
		Chicken fillet baked in the oven	100
		A piece of bread	20
		Green tea	100
	afternoon tea	Apple	50
		Mineral water	100
	Dinner	Cheesecakes with sour cream	150
		A piece of bread	20
		Black tea	100
	Before bedtime	Kefir	100
7th day	Breakfast	Buckwheat	150
		Cottage cheese	100
		Bread	20
		Tea	100
	Snack	Orange	50
		Berry compote	100
	Dinner	Any meat of your choice	75
		Vegetable stew	250
		A piece of bread	20
		Compote	100
	afternoon tea	Apple	50
		Green tea	100
	Dinner	Rice with vegetables	200
		Bread	20
		Rosehip decoction	100
	Before bedtime	Yogurt	100

Understanding nutrition for a diabetic is easy. It is enough to know which foods can be in limited quantities, and which should make up the bulk of the diet. Knowing also about the glycemic index, cooking methods and combinations, you can build a quality diet aimed at maintaining a stable state.

13 approved food groups for diabetes

Diabetes imposes serious restrictions on the patient's diet, but the overall list of products is impressive even with strict treatment adjustments.

The list of allowed products includes:

1. lean meat . This is mainly poultry, fish, rabbit. In this case, not only the meat itself plays a role, but also the method of its preparation. The best ways are to stew, bake, cook. Read more about the meat allowed for diabetics here. Seafood is also allowed - shrimp, scallop.
2. Whole grain baked goods . Bread for diabetics is possible, but it should be wholemeal bread enriched with fiber. Rye bread is also allowed.
3. Some cereals . The best porridge for diabetes is the one made from pearl barley. You can also cook buckwheat or oatmeal. Although their glycemic index reaches 50, in any case, cereals are needed, despite their not low glycemic index. Read more about the choice of cereals - read here.
4. Any legumes and mushrooms . Vegetable protein is a worthy alternative to meat. Beans, peas and lentils can and should be included in the diet. Mushrooms fit in nicely too.
5. Hot first courses . Soups and broths are allowed only if they are not excessively fat or prepared in a vegetarian version.
6. Some dairy products . Some dairy products are allowed for diabetics. For example, kefir, curdled milk, cottage cheese, fermented baked milk, milk. Eggs are also allowed.
7. Vegetables . In addition to boiled potatoes, beets, carrots and zucchini, other vegetables can be included in the daily menu, especially if served raw. Greens can also be included here.
8. Fruits and berries with a low glycemic index. Most fruits and berries are allowed, but you need to watch their GI.
9. Pasta from wholemeal flour. Usually such pasta differs in taste and color, but unlike white pasta, they will not harm the body.
10. Tea coffee . By themselves, these drinks are almost harmless, unless, of course, you exceed the allowable daily allowance. About the effect of different types of tea on the body of a diabetic and much more, read this article. But in any case, sugar should not be added to the drink.
11. soda . Allowed if they do not contain sugar.
12. Nuts and seeds . Any nuts, raw or roasted without salt, are allowed.
13. Special products for diabetics . As a rule, these are adapted products with acceptable sweeteners. However, their number should be normalized, since even sweeteners cannot be abused.

The most useful foods for a diabetic are considered natural low-carbohydrate foods of plant origin. The diet for 2/3 should consist of vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, products from coarse flour. The second place is occupied by high-quality protein of animal origin, mainly dairy products and poultry. Some sweets are okay, but homemade vegetarian or diabetic options (store-bought) are considered the best option.

What sweeteners are allowed?

Permitted sugar analogues include:

• fructose;
• xylitol;
• sorbitol;
• saccharin;
• aspartame.

In a limited amount, sweeteners can be added to drinks, diabetic homemade sweets.

Low glycemic foods for diabetics

The glycemic index (GI) shows how a particular food will increase blood sugar. There is a product scheme, conditionally divided into three categories:

• Foods with a high glycemic index - from 70 to 100;
• With an average - from 50 to 70;
• Low - up to 50.

The most suitable foods for diabetes have a low and rarely an average glycemic index. They are allowed to be included in the daily diet.

A list of low GI foods for a diabetic can be viewed in the following table:

Based on it, you can include the following products in your daily menu:

• lettuce and greens;
• tomatoes and cucumbers;
• beans, broccoli and all types of cabbage;
• mushrooms;
• Green pepper;
• legumes;
• eggplant
• barley (sometimes buckwheat, oatmeal);
• citrus fruit;
• durum wheat pasta (brown and black).

However, when choosing products by GI, you need to know about some of the nuances:

• It is quite difficult to specify the GI parameters of each product for sure. For example, for white bread, a glycemic index of 70 is allocated, but if there is no sugar in this bread and it is all strewn with seeds, then its glycemic index will decrease.
• Heat treatment radically changes the glycemic index of the product in some cases. This applies to carrots, beets, pasta and cereals. The longer the heat treatment process, the more the glycemic index of the product will increase.
• Pay attention to foods with fiber. It guarantees medium and low GI. Bran bread has a GI of 45, while white bread has a GI of 85-90. The same goes for cereals: brown rice has a GI of up to 50, while white rice has a GI of 75.

To make it easier to navigate, consider any food containing sugar as a product in the high GI category. And if the product or its neighboring products in the dish contain proteins and fats, then the GI will be either medium or low.

Food table for type 2 diabetes

To make it easier to navigate what is allowed and what is not allowed in type 2 diabetes, use the table:

	Can	In limited quantities
Bread products and cereals	Rye bread, some cereals	Black bread, pasta	White bread, pastry, rice and regular pasta
Vegetables	Everything except prohibited	Boiled potatoes and beets, canned vegetables	French fries, margarine-fried vegetables, boiled carrots, zucchini, pumpkin
Fruits and berries	Fruits and berries with a glycemic index of up to 70 and below	Melon, watermelon, bananas	Fruits and berries with added sugar or canned
condiments	Any natural spices	homemade sauces	Mayonnaise, ketchup
Broths, soups	Vegetables, low fat	Broths and soups with cereals	broths for meat
Milk products	Kefir, fermented baked milk, low-fat milk, low-fat cheeses	Yoghurts, cheese	Butter, full fat cheese, sour cream, condensed milk, heavy cream
Fish with seafood	Fish fillet, shrimp	Oily fish, oysters, mussels, squid	Canned fish, herring
Meat	Bird, rabbit	Veal, beef	Fat meat
Fats	Olive oil, low fat vegetable oil	Sunflower unrefined oil	Salo, margarine
desserts	-	Sweets for diabetics	Sweets with sugar

Learn more about diet for type 2 diabetes here.

Foods for type 1 diabetes

The best approved foods for type 1 diabetics include:

• cereals (these can be cereals from barley, buckwheat, oatmeal, etc.);
• baking, but without the use of yeast (for example, rye bread);
• almost the entire list of vegetables, except for potatoes, boiled carrots, pumpkins, beets, zucchini;
• fruits, except sweet;
• sugar-free drinks (compotes, tea, mineral water, etc.);
• soy products (tofu);
• raw nuts and seeds.

Processing methods must also be strictly regulated. In particular, fried foods should be forgotten. Steamed, baked dishes are welcome, but fresh or slightly thermally processed foods are best.

If possible, you need to replace traditional tea with tea with rose hips, decoctions and tinctures, as they reduce blood sugar levels.

diabet.biz

Health food

Doctors have known about the need for a diet for diabetes for a long time - it was therapeutic nutrition in the pre-insulin era that was the only effective mechanism to deal with the problem. The diet is especially important for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, where the likelihood of coma during decompensation and even death is high. For type 2 diabetics, therapeutic nutrition is usually prescribed for weight management and a more predictable stable course of the disease.

Basic principles

1. The basic concept of a therapeutic diet for any type of diabetes is the so-called bread unit - a theoretical measure of the equivalent of ten grams of carbohydrates. Modern nutritionists have developed special sets of tables for all types of products indicating the amount of XE per 100 grams of product. Every day, a patient with diabetes is recommended to take products with a total "value" of 12-24 XE - the dosage is selected individually, depending on the patient's body weight, age and level of physical activity.
2. Keeping a detailed food diary. All foods consumed must be recorded so that, if necessary, the nutritionist makes a correction of the nutrition system.
3. The frequency of receptions. Diabetics are recommended 5-6 times a meal. At the same time, breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 75 percent of the daily diet, the remaining 2-3 snacks - the remaining 25 percent.
4. Individualization of medical nutrition. Modern science recommends individualizing classic diets, adjusting them to the patient's physiological preferences, regional factors (a set of local dishes and traditions) and other parameters, while maintaining a balance of all components of a rational diet.
5. Replacement equivalence. If you change the diet, then the selected alternative products should be as interchangeable as possible in terms of calories, as well as the ratio of proteins, fats, carbohydrates. The main groups of components in this case include products containing mainly carbohydrates (1), proteins (2), fats (3) and multicomponents (4). Substitutions are possible only within these groups. If the replacement occurs in (4), then nutritionists make adjustments to the composition of the entire diet, while replacing the elements from (1) it is necessary to take into account the equivalence in terms of the glycemic index - the XE tables described above can help with this.

Products strictly prohibited in diabetes

Modern dietetics, armed with advanced diagnostic methods and studies of the effects of substances and products on the body, has significantly narrowed the list of products absolutely prohibited for use by patients with diabetes in recent years. At the moment, meals based on refined refined carbohydrates, sweets and sugar, as well as foods containing refractory fats and a lot of cholesterol are absolutely contraindicated.

There is a relative ban on white bread, rice and semolina porridge, as well as pasta - they can be consumed strictly limited. In addition, regardless of the type of diabetes, alcohol is completely contraindicated.

Diet for diabetes

In some cases, strict adherence to a diet for type 2 diabetes helps to fully compensate for carbohydrate metabolism and not use drugs. For diabetics with type 1 and other types of diabetes, therapeutic nutrition is considered and is an important element in the complex therapy of the problem.

Types of diets for diabetes

1. Classic. This type of therapeutic nutrition was developed back in the 30-40s of the twentieth century and is a balanced, albeit strict type of diet. A prominent representative of it in domestic dietology is "Table number 9" with numerous, later variations. It is this type of therapeutic nutrition that is suitable for almost all diabetics with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
2. Modern. The principles of individualization and the peculiarities of the mentality of certain social groups have given rise to a wide variety of menus and modern diets, with less strict prohibitions on certain types of products and taking into account new properties found in the latter, which made it possible to introduce previously conditionally prohibited products into the daily diet.
   An important principle here is the factor of the use of "protected" carbohydrates containing a sufficient amount of dietary fiber. However, it should be understood that this kind of medical nutrition is selected strictly individually and cannot be considered as a universal mechanism for compensating carbohydrate metabolism.
3. low carb diets. Designed primarily for type 2 diabetics with increased body weight. The basic principle is to exclude as much as possible the consumption of foods high in carbohydrates, but not to the detriment of health. However, it is contraindicated for children, and it should not be used for people with kidney problems (advanced nephropathies) and diabetics with type 1 diabetes and severe hypoglycemia.
4. Vegetarian diets. As experimental studies at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries showed, vegan types of diets with an emphasis on a significant reduction in the consumption of foods rich in fats not only contribute to weight loss, but also lower blood sugar. A large amount of whole vegetation, rich in dietary fiber and fiber, in some cases is even more effective than recommended specialized diets, especially since a vegetarian diet implies a significant reduction in the total caloric content of the daily diet. This, in turn, significantly reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome in pre-diabetic conditions, is able to act as an independent prophylactic agent and effectively fight against the onset of diabetes.

Menu for every day

Below, we will consider the classic dietary menu for type 1 and type 2 diabetics, which is optimal for patients with mild to moderate forms of diabetes. In the case of severe decompensation, addiction and hyper- and hypoglycemia, an individualized therapeutic nutrition regimen should be developed by a nutritionist taking into account human physiology, current health problems and other factors.

Base:

1. Proteins - 85-90 grams (sixty percent of animal origin).
2. Fats - 75-80 grams (a third - vegetable base).
3. Carbohydrates - 250-300 grams.
4. Free liquid - about one and a half liters.
5. Salt -11 grams.

The nutrition system is fractional, five to six times a day, the daily maximum energy value is no more than 2400 kcal.

Prohibited Products:

Meat/cooking fats, harsh sauces, sweet juices, muffins, rich broths, cream, pickles and marinades, fatty meats and fish, preservation, salty and rich cheeses, pasta, semolina, rice, sugar, jams, alcohol, ice cream and sweets sugar-based, grapes, all sorts of raisins and bananas with dates/figs.

Allowed foods/dishes:

1. Flour products - rye and bran bread is allowed, as well as non-rich flour products.
2. Soups - borscht, cabbage soup, vegetable soups, as well as stews in low-fat broth are optimal for therapeutic nutrition. Sometimes - okroshka.
3. Meat. Low-fat varieties of beef, veal, pork. Limited chicken, rabbit, lamb, boiled tongue and liver are allowed. From fish - any low-fat varieties boiled, steamed or baked without vegetable oil.
4. Milk products. Low-fat cheeses, dairy products without added sugar. Limited - 10% sour cream, low-fat or semi-fat cottage cheese. Eggs should be consumed without yolks, in extreme cases, in the form of omelettes.
5. Cereals. Oatmeal, pearl barley, beans, buckwheat, yachka, millet.
6. Vegetables. Recommended carrots, beets, cabbage, pumpkin, zucchini, eggplant, cucumbers and tomatoes. Potatoes are limited.
7. Snacks and sauces. Fresh vegetable salads, tomato and low-fat sauces, horseradish, mustard and pepper. Limited - zucchini or other vegetable caviar, vinaigrette, jellied fish, seafood dishes with a minimum of vegetable oil, low-fat beef jelly.
8. Fats - limited vegetable, butter and ghee.
9. Other. Drinks without sugar (tea, coffee, rosehip broth, vegetable juices), jellies, mousses, fresh sweet and sour non-exotic fruits, compotes. Very limited - honey and sweets with sweeteners.

Approximate menu for a week with diabetes

Individual components of the menu below are subject to replacement according to the principles of equivalent substitution within the above groups.

Monday

• We have breakfast with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese, in which you can add a few berries.
• The second time we have breakfast with one glass of one percent kefir.
• We have lunch with 150 grams of baked beef, a bowl of vegetable soup. For garnish - stewed vegetables in the amount of 100-150 grams.
• We have an afternoon of fresh cabbage and cucumber salad seasoned with a teaspoon of olive oil. The total volume is 100–150 grams.
• We have dinner with grilled vegetables (80 grams) and one medium baked fish weighing up to two hundred grams.

Tuesday

• We have breakfast with a plate of buckwheat porridge - no more than 120 grams.
• The second time we have breakfast with two medium-sized apples.
• We have lunch with a plate of vegetable borscht, 100 grams of boiled beef. You can drink food with compote without adding sugar.
• We have an afternoon snack with a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have dinner with a bowl of fresh vegetable salad in the amount of 160-180 grams, as well as one boiled low-fat fish (150-200 grams).

Wednesday

• We have breakfast with cottage cheese casserole - 200 grams.
• Before dinner, you can drink a glass of rosehip broth.
• We have lunch with a bowl of cabbage soup, two small fish cutlets and a hundred grams of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with one boiled egg.
• We have dinner with a plate of stewed cabbage and two medium-sized meat patties cooked in the oven or steamed.

Thursday

• Breakfast is a two-egg omelet.
• Before dinner, you can eat a cup of low-fat or unsweetened yogurt.
• We have lunch with cabbage soup and two units of stuffed peppers based on lean meat and allowed cereals.
• We have an afternoon snack with two hundred grams of low-fat cottage cheese and carrot casseroles.
• We have dinner with chicken stew (a piece of two hundred grams) and a plate of vegetable salad.

Friday

• We have breakfast with a plate of millet porridge and one apple.
• Before dinner, we eat two medium-sized oranges.
• We have lunch with meat goulash (no more than one hundred grams), a bowl of fish soup and a bowl of barley.
• We dine on a plate of fresh vegetable salad.
• We have dinner with a good portion of stewed vegetables with lamb, with a total weight of up to 250 grams.

Saturday

• We have breakfast with a plate of porridge based on bran, you can eat one pear as a bite.
• Before dinner, it is permissible to eat one soft-boiled egg.
• We have lunch with a large plate of vegetable stew with the addition of lean meat - only 250 grams.
• We dine on a few permitted fruits.
• We have dinner with a hundred grams of stewed lamb and a plate of vegetable salad in the amount of 150 grams.

Sunday

• We have breakfast with a bowl of low-fat cottage cheese with a small amount of berries - only up to one hundred grams.
• For second breakfast - two hundred grams of grilled chicken.
• We have lunch with a bowl of vegetable soup, one hundred grams of goulash and a bowl of vegetable salad.
• We have an afternoon snack with a plate of berry salad - up to 150 grams in total.
• We have dinner with one hundred grams of boiled beans and two hundred grams of steamed shrimp.

www.doctorfm.ru

Nutrition principles

As a result of type 2 diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder occurs. Improper functioning of the digestive system is associated with a lack and inability to fully absorb glucose. For mild type 2 diabetes, diet can be a treatment and no special medications are required.

Despite the fact that each patient has his own, individual diet, according to the totality of common signs, food intake for patients with type 2 diabetes is put into a single scheme called "table number 9". Based on this basic diet, an individual scheme is created, adjusted for each specific case.

1. In clinical nutrition, the ratio of "proteins:fats:carbohydrates" is very important. In this case, it should be "16%:24%:60%". This distribution ensures optimal intake of the sick "building" material into the body.
2. For each patient, their individual daily calorie requirement is calculated. The amount of energy received from food should not exceed the amount spent by the body. Usually doctors advise to set the daily rate for women at 1200 Kcal, and for men at 1500 Kcal.
3. First of all, sugar should be excluded from the diet, replacing them.
4. The patient's diet should be fortified, and rich in trace elements and cellulose.
5. The consumption of animal fats needs to be reduced by half.
6. Be sure to increase the number of meals up to 5 or 6 times. And each of them should be properly combined with physical activity. Also pick up the use of drugs (hyperglycemic).
7. Dinner should be no later than 2 hours before bedtime.
8. It is required that the breaks between meals are at least three hours.

It is very important for a person suffering from diabetes to correctly compose a diet and choose the appropriate menu, using the recommendations of a doctor when choosing products. You can not engage in amateur activities, as this can aggravate the course of the disease.

Allowed foods and ready meals

A patient with such a diagnosis will have to follow a diet for life. It is the right choice of permitted products that can provide a person with a decent life. The patient is allowed to eat certain foods.

1. Bread. In a small amount, diabetic or rye bread is allowed. A product prepared from bran is freely allowed for use. Ordinary bakery products and pasta are allowed in a very limited form or are completely excluded.
2. Vegetables, greens. A person with diabetes can and should add fresh vegetables to their diet. Cabbage, sorrel, zucchini, cucumbers, onions and other sources of dietary fiber have a beneficial effect on metabolism and contribute to its normalization. Boiled potatoes, beets and carrots are allowed to consume no more than 200 g per day. Corn and legumes can be eaten sparingly and in small amounts.
3. From fruits and berries, you can eat cranberries, quince and lemon unlimitedly. The rest of the products from this group are allowed to eat in limited quantities. There are no completely prohibited fruits and berries.
4. From spices and seasonings, pepper, cinnamon, herbs and mustard can be attributed to the permitted ones. Use salad dressings and low-fat homemade mayonnaise sparingly and with caution.
5. Low-fat meat and fish broths are also on the list available for use. Vegetable soups are also allowed.
6. Low-fat cheese and kefir also get the green light.
7. Fish. The principle when eating fish is: the less fat it contains, the better for the body. It is allowed to eat 150 g of fish per day.
8. It is very important for the patient to limit himself in the use of fatty meat. It can be no more than 100g per day exclusively in boiled or baked form.
9. Cereals. A person diagnosed with type 2 diabetes can afford oatmeal, barley and buckwheat porridge. The use of pearl barley and millet groats needs to be reduced.
10. From drinks, herbal infusions, green teas should be preferred. You can drink milk and ground coffee.
11. Low-fat cottage cheese is allowed in its pure form, and as casseroles, cheesecakes and other ready-made dishes.
12. Due to the cholesterol content, eggs can be eaten no more than once a week in an amount of no more than two pieces. Several cooking options are allowed: scrambled eggs, soft-boiled or hard-boiled, or adding them to other dishes.

As can be seen from the list, patients with type 2 diabetes are allowed a sufficiently large number of various products to make the menu varied, tasty, and completely balanced.

Prohibited Products

Since diabetes is a very serious disease that affects the entire metabolism in general, the list of prohibited foods is quite large and varied.

1. Cookies, cakes, pastries and other sweets are prohibited. Since their taste is based on inclusion in the composition of sugar, one should beware of eating them. The exception is baked goods and other products made specifically for diabetics based on sweeteners.
2. You can not use bread from sweet dough.
3. Fried potatoes, white rice, and stinging vegetables must be removed from the patient's table.
4. You can not eat spicy, smoked, heavily salted and fried foods.
5. Sausages should also be excluded from the patient's diet.
6. You can not eat even in small quantities butter, fat mayonnaise, margarine, cooking and meat fats.
7. Semolina and racial cereals, as well as pasta, are similarly banned.
8. You can not eat homemade pickles with marinades.
9. Alcohol is strictly prohibited.

It is important to remember that following a diet and exclusion from the menu of products prohibited for this disease will help to avoid many complications of diabetes, such as blindness, cardiovascular disease, angiopathy, and so on. An additional plus will be the ability to maintain a good figure.

The benefits of dietary fiber

Dietary fibers are small elements of plant foods that are not exposed to enzymes that promote the breakdown of products. They pass through the digestive system without being digested.

They have sugar and lipid-lowering effects. Dietary fiber reduces the absorption of glucose in the human intestine, additionally creating a feeling of satiety. It is because of these properties that they must be included in the menu of diabetics.

Dietary fiber rich in:

• wholemeal flour;
• coarse bran;
• rye and oat flour;
• nuts;
• beans;
• Strawberry;
• dates;
• raspberries and many other products.

The amount of fiber that a diabetic needs is 354 grams per day. Moreover, it is important that 51% of it comes from vegetables, 40% from grain, its derivatives, and 9% from berries and mushrooms.

Sweeteners

For those patients for whom the presence of sweet in the diet is mandatory, special substances have been developed that add a sweet taste to the product. They are divided into two groups.

1. Calorigenic. Their number must be taken into account when calculating the energy component of food. These include: sorbitol, xylitol and fructose.
2. Non-calorific. Acesulfame potassium, aspartame, cyclamate and saccharin are the main representatives of this group.

In stores, you can find pastries, drinks, sweets and other sweet products in which sugar is replaced by these substances.

It should be remembered that such products may also contain fat, the amount of which also needs to be controlled.

Sample menu for type 2 diabetes

In diabetes, one of the important conditions is to reduce the portions consumed, increasing the number of meals.

An exemplary menu and diet of the patient looks like this.

1. First breakfast. The best time is 7 am. For breakfast, you can eat cereals from the allowed list. They start the metabolism. It is also good to eat cottage cheese or egg dishes in the morning. Should be 25% of the total daily energy requirement.
2. Second breakfast (snack). Curd dishes or fruits are useful. 15% of allowed calories.
3. Lunch should be at 13-14 hours and make up 30% of the daily diet.
4. At 16:00 it's time for afternoon tea. 10% of total calories. Fruit will be the best solution.
5. Dinner at 18:00 should be the last meal of the day. It makes up the remaining 20%.
6. In case of severe hunger, you can allow a snack at night at 22:00. Kefir or milk will relieve the feeling of hunger well.

A diet for diabetes should be developed together with your doctor. Depending on the degree of the disease, some products may be added or removed from it. Other concomitant diseases can also affect the menu.

It is important to remember that proper nutrition, bringing visible results, is not a panacea. It must be combined with light physical activity and drug treatment. Only an integrated approach to treatment and the implementation of all prescriptions can guarantee a stable condition and the absence of complications.

diabetsaharnyy.ru

Goals and basic rules of nutrition in diabetes

Allowed and prohibited foods for diabetes

For effective treatment of diabetes mellitus, it is not enough for a patient to take only one medicine, it is important to eat properly and rationally. The disease is formed against the background of an imbalance in metabolism (disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism), while the pancreas is not able to produce insulin in sufficient quantities.

Such pathological changes lead to the fact that the blood sugar level rises. Eating certain foods can lower blood glucose levels.

Nutrition goals for diabetes

The main goal of nutrition in diabetes is to restore metabolic processes and prevent a sudden rise in blood glucose levels. A sharp increase in sugar levels may be due to the consumption of simple carbohydrates, so that this does not happen, all products are assigned an indicator - the glycemic index (GI), for 100% of which glucose is taken in its pure form.

For this, a special table was developed, according to which patients can compare products for the content of "bad" carbohydrates. When consuming foods with a low GI, blood glucose rises slowly or remains at the same level. And if the food contains carbohydrates in large quantities, blood sugar begins to rise sharply.

The menu for patients with type 2 diabetes is carefully compiled, since in the early stages of the disease, with mild and moderate severity, the diet is one of the main methods of treatment. With type 2 diabetes, you can follow a low-calorie diet number 9.

Persons with type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) make up a menu using bread units (XE). In this case, 1 XE is equal to 15 gr. carbohydrates (12 grams of sugar, 25 grams of bread). The daily rate of carbohydrates in this case depends on the course of the disease, the physiological characteristics of the patient (sex, weight).

On average, an adult person needs 15-30 XE per day, and a single serving of food should be 2-5 XE, more high-calorie foods are consumed in the morning. Products together with physical exercises will bring great utility, this will help activate metabolic processes, stabilize body weight.

Basic dietary guidelines for diabetes

Each patient diagnosed with diabetes must adhere to the following dietary rules:

1. You need to eat in fractional portions, on average 6 times a day (the absorption of sugar from the intestinal tract into the blood occurs evenly);
2. You need to consume food at a certain time (this allows you to accurately regulate glucose levels);
3. Keep a daily calorie count;
4. Include fiber in your daily diet;
5. Cook dishes only on vegetable oils (sunflower, olive);
6. It is important to learn how to replace one carbohydrate-containing products with others so that jumps in blood counts are insignificant. To do this, use a specially designed table of bread units.

Allowed and prohibited foods for diabetes

Approved Products

Prohibited Products

Inedible flour products, bread (rye, black, with bran); Lactic acid products, low-fat milk; Cereals, cereals; Eggs; Legumes, vegetables, herbs; Sour, sweet and sour fruits; Low-fat soups, broths; Meat of low-fat varieties; River, sea fish; Sunflower seeds, pumpkin, sesame seeds; Nuts - walnuts, pine nuts, hazelnuts, peanuts, almonds; Coffee, tea, mineral water, fruit drinks, compotes without sugar.

Smoked, salty, fatty foods; Salted cheeses, high-fat dairy products; Pasta, rice, semolina; White bread, muffin; Sweets, confectionery; Semi-finished products; Alcoholic, carbonated drinks; Mustard, mayonnaise, pepper; Fatty meats - pork, lamb; Vegetables rich in carbohydrates (potatoes, limit consumption of beets and carrots); Muesli, popcorn, corn flakes.

The foods that a diabetic consumes should have a low glycemic index - below 50%. The percentage of GI depends on how the product is processed. Experts recommend consuming home-cooked food, since it is easy to calculate XE and GI in this case.

All consumed products are divided into 3 types:

1. Do not raise sugar- greens, green vegetables, mushrooms. Drinks - coffee, tea without sugar, cream; mineral water without gases.
2. Moderate increase give cereals, with the exception of semolina and rice, lactic acid products, milk, vermicelli, wholemeal bread, unsweetened fruits and nuts.
3. Significantly increase glucose level: confectionery, flour products, alcoholic beverages, freshly squeezed juices. Drinks that contain sugar, fruits - grapes, banana, raisins, pickled vegetables and canned food.

Specially formulated "diabetic" foods are not the best option for regular consumption, they are high in calories. In addition, they contain substitutes (fructose), which can cause side effects:

• Increased appetite;
• Increasing the level of "bad" cholesterol;

Prevention of complications of diabetes

To prevent possible complications (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia), it is recommended to use the following juices, products and brew herbal infusions:

• Grapefruit juice, grapefruit; Ginseng;
• Flax seeds; cabbage juice;
• Celery, onion, garlic, parsley;
• St. John's wort, nettle, dandelion;
• Eleutherococcus; Walnut leaves; Chicory;
• Bilberry ordinary; Jerusalem artichoke; Rose hip.

Herbal infusions even out blood glucose levels, improve digestion. They have no restrictions in consumption, they can be consumed daily.

diabet-doctor.ru

Features of type 2 diabetes and the importance of a healthy diet

Type 2 disease is also called non-insulin dependent disease. In this case, the body does not need insulin injections. According to statistics, the number of people suffering from this type of disease is 4 times higher than the number of patients with type 1 diabetes.

In type 2 patients, the pancreas still produces insulin. However, it is either not enough for full-fledged work, or the body loses the ability to recognize and use it correctly. As a result of such malfunctions, glucose does not enter the tissue cells. Instead, it accumulates directly in a person's blood. The normal functioning of the body is disrupted.

Why does it sometimes happen that a person falls ill with this disease? It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question. Often, type 2 diabetes is diagnosed in several members of the same family. That is, there is a hereditary aspect.

If there have been cases of illness in your family, it is better to do prevention in advance. This should be discussed with an endocrinologist. Periodically take the necessary tests to identify the problem in a timely manner. The risk of developing the disease also increases with age. The risk gradually increases by the age of 45, reaching a maximum after 65.

The following factors greatly increase the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes:

• overweight, obesity
• hypertension
• frequent consumption of fatty foods
• regular alcohol intake
• sedentary lifestyle
• elevated blood levels of triglycerides (i.e. fats)

Problems with weight and pressure are often the result of malnutrition and the abuse of high-calorie foods. Sedentary work and lack of physical activity lead to a slowdown and metabolic disorders. All this does not have the best effect on the work and condition of the body.

As a result of negligent attitude to the diet, a person can get a lot of ensuing problems, including the development of diabetes. It is advisable to choose healthy natural products and abandon harmful ones in advance for preventive purposes.

With diabetes, you need to choose foods in a certain way. Food should slow down the digestion of carbohydrates in order to prevent an increase in blood glucose levels. The selection of the menu is quite strict, because the further course of the disease depends on it.

If a person has type 2 diabetes, the list of prohibited foods will be quite impressive. However, even without this, you can get a good diet, rich in all the necessary vitamins and minerals.

Vegetables

Most useful when consumed raw. However, you can also cook by stewing, boiling or baking. The use of those vegetables that can slow down the absorption of carbohydrates is encouraged. These include: cabbage (raw, stewed, sauerkraut), eggplant (stewed or boiled), sweet peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, herbs, onions and garlic. An excellent choice is eggplant caviar. Tasty and healthy.

Boiled carrots and beets are eaten in extremely limited quantities. In this form, these vegetables quickly increase blood sugar. But raw carrots will benefit more, but only in a minimal amount.

Meat

Of course, meat should be present in the diet of diabetics. Preference should be given to lean beef and chicken breast. Meat can be easily replaced with mushrooms. This product is also recommended for type 2 diabetes. Choose lean fish.

Bread

Bread can and should be included in the menu. Just choose rye or wheat-rye (wheat flour should be 1 or 2 grades).

Cereals and legumes

Grains are a source of vitamins and fiber. Daily serving - 8-10 tbsp. spoons. You can buckwheat, pearl barley, hercules, millet. Beans, lentils and peas are consumed boiled and more limited. Avoid wheat and rice.

Dairy products, eggs

The ideal option is low-fat sour-milk products, cottage cheese, milk. In small quantities cheese (fat content up to 30%). For breakfast, a steam omelet or hard-boiled eggs are suitable.

Fruit

You should be careful with fruits, many of them are quite sweet. Eat grapefruits, lemons, cranberries. In small quantities - cherries, apples, tangerines, plums.

Beverages

The best drinks: compotes without sugar, green tea, tomato juice, mineral water. Occasionally, you can treat yourself to black natural coffee.

As a first course, vegetable soups are in the first place. Salads are seasoned with lemon juice or a little olive oil. For a little bit, you can feast on nuts.

The menu of diabetics should consist mainly of low-calorie foods. Food is prepared in a certain way. The best solution is steam cooking. You can use special sweeteners and sweeteners. They are natural and artificial. However, there is no need to go overboard with them.

What foods are prohibited for type 2 diabetes

If a person has diseases of the pancreas (such as diabetes), you need to clearly know what you can not eat. Inappropriate food aggravates the situation, provokes a jump in glucose levels.

Foods prohibited in type 2 diabetes are as follows.

Sweet

Of course, the first thing on the “black” list is sugar and products containing it in excess. You should forget about: jam, marmalade, chocolate, ice cream, sweets, halva, caramel, jam and other similar sweets. The addition of honey is also not recommended.

Glucose from these products instantly penetrates into the blood. If you really want sweets, it is better to eat some fruit, wholemeal pastries or nuts.

Sweet pastries

Under the ban are rich bakery products - white bread, loaf, rolls, cookies, muffins, fast food elements.

Fatty meals are digested more slowly than carbohydrate foods. But they can also significantly raise blood sugar levels to high levels. In addition, fatty foods contribute to weight gain and obesity.

You should refuse: sour cream, cream, mayonnaise, lard, fatty meat (lamb, pork, duck). Also avoid fatty cheeses, cottage cheese and sweet yogurt. You should not cook soups on fatty meat and fish broths.

Semi-finished products

Semi-finished products, in addition to a large amount of fat, contain a lot of harmful flavor enhancers, flavors and stabilizers. Therefore, do not look in the direction of sausages, sausages, sausages, ready-made industrial cutlets and fish sticks.

trans fats

Food rich in trans fats will not benefit not only a diabetic, but also a healthy person. These foods include: margarine, spreads (butter substitutes), confectionery fat, popcorn, french fries, burgers, hot dogs.

Fruit

Vegetables

Some vegetables should also not be eaten. It is better to refuse or minimize the consumption of potatoes, beets and carrots.

Beverages

Some drinks contain huge amounts of sugar and calories. This applies to sweet juices (especially packaged), alcoholic cocktails and soda. Tea should not be sweetened, or resort to sugar substitutes. It is better to drink vegetable juices. Beer is also not recommended.

Do not add hot spices and spices, pork, goose or chicken fat when cooking. You will also have to give up semolina and pasta. Do not use hot or salty sauces. Marinades and pickles are prohibited. Resist the desire to consume pancakes, dumplings, pies or dumplings.

Nutrition has a huge impact on people suffering from type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the very fact of increasing blood glucose is not so terrible as the consequences. And these are strokes, heart attacks, vision loss, disorders of the nervous system.

It is important for diabetics to monitor not only the amount of sugar consumed, but also the fat content of meals. It is necessary to strictly control your weight and not allow it to gain. The calorie content of food is largely determined by the method of heat treatment.

Of course, with type 2 diabetes, you should forget about frying in a lot of oil. It is also worth remembering the portions, not making them too voluminous.

Follow the following cooking rules:

1. It should be borne in mind that even for cooking vegetables are taken fresh. Do not take frozen and especially canned foods.
2. Soups should be cooked on the second broth. After boiling, the first must be drained and again pour the meat with water.
3. The best meat for soup is lean beef. You can cook the broth on the bones.
4. Pickles, borscht or bean soup are included in the menu no more than once a week.
5. To make the dish more attractive, the vegetables are first lightly fried in a small amount of butter.

The most useful for diabetics are fresh salads made from raw vegetables. This is the preferred cooking method. Next in usefulness is cooking in water and steam. Roasting is done after cooking or as an independent processing method. They rarely resort to quenching.

www.vekzhivu.com

Nutrition Features

As a rule, patients are advised to adhere to table No. 9, however, the attending specialist can make an individual correction of the diet, based on the state of compensation for endocrine pathology, the patient's body weight, body characteristics, and the presence of complications.

The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:

• the ratio of "building" material - used / w / y - 60:25:15;
• the daily calorie count is calculated by the attending physician or nutritionist;
• sugar is excluded from the diet, sweeteners can be used (sorbitol, fructose, xylitol, stevia extract, maple syrup);
• a sufficient amount of vitamins and trace elements should be supplied, since they are massively excreted due to polyuria;
• indicators of consumed animal fats are halved;
• reduce fluid intake to 1.5 l, salt to 6 g;
• frequent fractional meals (presence of snacks between main meals).

Allowed Products

When asked about what you can eat on a diet for type 2 diabetes, a nutritionist will answer that the emphasis is on vegetables, fruits, dairy and meat products. It is not necessary to completely exclude carbohydrates from the diet, since they perform a number of important functions (building, energy, reserve, regulatory). It is simply necessary to limit rapidly digestible monosaccharides and give preference to polysaccharides (substances that have a large amount of fiber in their composition and slowly increase blood glucose).

Bakery and flour products

Permitted products are those in the manufacture of which "did not participate" wheat flour of the highest and first grade. Its calorie content is 334 kcal, and the GI (glycemic index) indicators are 95, which automatically translates the dish into the section of prohibited foods for diabetes.

• rye flour;
• bran;
• wheat flour of the second grade;
• buckwheat flour (in combination with any of the above).

Unsweetened crackers, crispbread, biscuits, unsweetened pastries are considered permitted products. The group of non-baking pastries includes those products in the manufacture of which eggs, margarine, and fatty additives are not used.

The simplest dough from which you can make pies, muffins, rolls for diabetics is prepared as follows. It is necessary to dilute 30 g of yeast in warm water. Combine with 1 kg of rye flour, 1.5 tbsp. water, a pinch of salt and 2 tbsp. vegetable fat. Once the dough has risen in a warm place, it can be used for baking.

Vegetables

These products for type 2 diabetes are considered the most "hot" because they have a low calorie content and low GI (with the exception of some). All green vegetables (zucchini, zucchini, cabbage, lettuce, cucumbers) can be used boiled, stewed, for cooking first courses and side dishes.

Pumpkin, tomatoes, onions, peppers are also desired foods. They contain a significant amount of antioxidants that bind free radicals, vitamins, pectins, flavonoids. For example, tomatoes contain a significant amount of the substance lycopene, which has an antitumor effect. Onions are able to strengthen the body's defenses, have a positive effect on the functioning of the heart and blood vessels, removing excess cholesterol from the body.

Cabbage can be used not only in stew, but also in sauerkraut. Its main advantage is the reduction of blood glucose levels.

However, there are vegetables, the use of which must be limited (it is not necessary to refuse at all):

• carrot;
• potato;
• beet.

Fruits and berries

These are useful products, but it is not recommended to use them in kilograms. The following are considered safe:

• cherry;
• sweet cherry;
• grapefruit;
• lemon;
• unsweetened varieties of apples and pears;
• pomegranate;
• sea ​​​​buckthorn;
• gooseberry;
• mango;
• a pineapple.

Experts advise eating no more than 200 g at a time. The composition of fruits and berries includes a significant amount of essential acids for the body, pectins, fiber, ascorbic acid. All these substances are useful for diabetics in that they can protect against the development of chronic complications of the underlying disease and slow down their progression.

In addition, berries and fruits normalize the functioning of the intestinal tract, restore and strengthen the defenses, cheer up, have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Meat and fish

Preference is given to low-fat varieties, both meat and fish. The amount of meat in the diet is subject to strict dosage (no more than 150 g per day). This will prevent the undesirable development of complications that may occur against the background of endocrine pathology.

If we talk about what you can eat from sausages, here preference is given to dietary and boiled varieties. Smoked products in this case are not recommended. By-products are allowed, but in limited quantities.

From fish you can eat:

• pollock;
• trout;
• salmon;
• zander;
• perch;
• crucian.

Important! Fish must be baked, boiled, stewed. In salted and fried form, it is better to limit or exclude altogether.

Eggs and dairy products

Eggs are considered a storehouse of vitamins (A, E, C, D) and unsaturated fatty acids. With type 2 diabetes, no more than 2 pieces per day are allowed, it is advisable to eat only proteins. Quail eggs, although small in size, are superior in their useful properties to the chicken product. They do not have cholesterol, which is especially good for sick people, and can be used raw.

Milk is a permitted product containing a significant amount of magnesium, phosphates, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and other macro- and microelements. It is recommended to consume up to 400 ml of medium-fat milk per day. Fresh milk is not recommended for use in the diet for type 2 diabetes, as it can provoke a jump in blood sugar.

Kefir, curdled milk and cottage cheese should be consumed rationally, controlling carbohydrate levels. Preference is given to low-fat varieties.

cereals

The name of the cereal	GI indicators	Properties
Buckwheat	55	It has a beneficial effect on blood counts, contains a significant amount of fiber and iron
corn	70	A high-calorie product, but it contains mainly polysaccharides. Beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system, improves cell sensitivity to insulin, supports the work of the visual analyzer
Millet	71	Prevents the development of pathology of the heart and blood vessels, removes toxins and excess cholesterol from the body, normalizes blood pressure
Barley	22	Reduces blood sugar, reduces the load on the pancreas, restores the processes of the spread of excitation along the nerve fibers
barley	50	Removes excess cholesterol, strengthens the body's defenses, normalizes the digestive tract
Wheat	45	Helps reduce blood glucose levels, stimulates the digestive tract, improves the functioning of the nervous system
Rice	50-70	Brown rice is preferred due to its lower GI. It has a positive effect on the functioning of the nervous system, it contains essential amino acids
oatmeal	40	Has a significant amount of antioxidants in the composition, normalizes liver function, reduces blood cholesterol levels

Important! White rice should be limited in the diet, and semolina should be completely abandoned due to their high GI numbers.

Beverages

As for juices, home-made drinks should be preferred. Store-bought juices have a large amount of preservatives and sugar in the composition. The use of freshly squeezed drinks from the following products is shown:

• blueberry;
• tomatoes;
• lemon;
• potato;
• pomegranate.

Regular consumption of mineral waters contributes to the normalization of the digestive tract. With type 2 diabetes, you can drink water without gas. It can be a dining room, a dining-medical or a healing-mineral one.

Tea, coffee with milk, herbal teas are acceptable drinks if they do not contain sugar. As for alcohol, its use is unacceptable, since in the non-insulin-dependent form jumps in blood glucose are unpredictable, and alcoholic beverages can cause the development of delayed hypoglycemia and accelerate the onset of complications of the underlying disease.

Menu for the day

Breakfast: cottage cheese with unsweetened apples, tea with milk.

Snack: baked apple or orange.

Lunch: borsch in vegetable broth, fish casserole, apple and cabbage salad, bread, rosehip broth.

Snack: carrot salad with prunes.

Dinner: buckwheat with mushrooms, a slice of bread, a glass of blueberry juice.

Snack: a glass of kefir.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disease that has a formidable name, however, following the recommendations of specialists and diet therapy can maintain the patient's quality of life at a high level. What foods to include in the diet is the individual choice of each patient. The attending physician and nutritionist will help to adjust the menu, choose those dishes that can provide the body with the necessary organic substances, vitamins, microelements.

diabetiko.ru

Diet

The regimen prescribed by the doctor is primarily aimed at monitoring the state of the liver and glucose. For this reason, it is not allowed to eat foods that cause heaviness: fatty meat or identical fish.

When compiling individual nutrition, it is necessary to strictly distribute foods for type 2 diabetes, what can eat freely.
The tendency of a diabetic to various kinds of allergies is also taken into account.

The drawn up schedule requires responsible observance. The diet includes eating at least four times in small portions. Between them, snacks can be included, but only light ones, without additional load.

It is advised to thoroughly boil food, no frying. You should try not to skip any of the tricks, this will guarantee the stable operation of the organs.

If you can’t cook or eat a full meal, then you definitely need to fill in the gap with a piece of rye bread or unsweetened fruit. The balance will be replenished, strength will appear.

Mandatory accompaniment - a large amount of liquid. the minimum mark is indicated by a figure equal to 1.5 liters. water or permitted liquid without sugar.

Key Features

In order to minimize the risk of undesirable factors in diabetes, it is required not only to follow a diet that contains all permitted products, but also observe clear rules, deviation from which may adversely affect the patient:

If cutlets are planned, then you do not need to add slices of a loaf soaked in milk, you can replace it with oatmeal flakes.

From vegetables, if you do not want to eat them raw, you can make passes or mashed potatoes, the main thing is not to overdo it with salt and sugar. Each piece eaten must be chewed carefully and without haste, this normalizes the work of the gastrointestinal tract.

Product table

Below is a detailed table showing, what is possible use in the second form of the disease, what is impossible, and what should be limited.

Group number and name	Related Products	Some Features
First. Fully allowed	Cucumber, lettuce, cranberry, sour apple, asparagus, any cabbage, green onion, lemon	With individual intolerance, plus, if there are violations of the metabolism of uric acid, it is required to replace it with similar analogues
Second. There are restrictions	Bread, milk, carrots, pasta, oranges, onions, parsley, yoghurts, cherry plums	Control over the amount of food is required, the same applies to energy value.
	Banana, sweet varieties of apples, pineapple, melon, all dried fruits, cherries. Some types of sweets: jams, cookies, honey, milk chocolate.	In the absence of insulin injections, these foods cannot be eaten.

What foods can be consumed

Vegetables and fruits of low GI and medium are allowed in the second form of diabetes.
These are cucumbers with tomatoes, gooseberries, mushrooms not pickled and not canned, some legumes.

You can drink weak coffee without the addition of amplifiers, tea of ​​different varieties, as well as water from mineral springs. It is not forbidden to drink "Coca-Cola" and similar drinks with gases only if there are no calories, that is, the type "Light" or "Zero"

All products of the permitted group can be eaten in the amount of up to 700-800 grams per full day. This number does not include the number of calories. If a patient is diagnosed with a disease associated with the formation of stones in the genitourinary system, then you need to paint your menu on an individual basis, not based on resolution for general situations.

What foods should not be consumed

Passion for bananas, dried fruits, sweet cherries and sweets (this list has a huge number of components) can lead to the fact that if you experience unbearable pain, you definitely won’t want to eat anymore. Therefore, you need to be as responsible, attentive and demanding as possible to the food that you consume.

In addition to fruits and sweets, you should avoid fatty dairy products: cream or sour cream, salmon, smoked sausages such as salami or cervelat. You can not eat canned vegetables or fish with a lot of oil and salt, the same goes for a variety of marinades and sauces.

Mayonnaise is prohibited, and it should be remembered that it is not very useful for a healthy person either. Of the seeds, only pumpkin seeds are preferred, sunflower seeds are too rich in fats.

medportal.net

Source: diabet5.ru