How prepositions appeared in the Russian language. Everything about prepositions in Russian. Sample wording of assignments

The main difficulty in using prepositions in the Russian language lies in the large number of exceptions. However, first of all, it is worth understanding the basic principle - which preposition to use with this or that word.

If we are talking about material objects, such as a table, wardrobe, refrigerator, box, chest of drawers, then the preposition “On” means location on the surface of the object (on top), and “In” - inside the object.
For example:
Put clothes in the chest of drawers.
Place the clothes on the dresser.

Place the textbook on the table.
Put the textbook on the table.

Even with objects that do not have clear boundaries, such as grass, you can most often use both the preposition "In" and the preposition "On".

For example:
We had a picnic on the grass.
A rabbit hid in the grass.

So, if one object is clearly located on the surface of another, we use the preposition "On".

Attention! According to the logic of language, this surface appears to be something open, not limited from above. This is worth remembering, because this way of looking at things helps to understand the logic and culture of the language, which further develops linguistic flair.

For example:
on the street
On Bridge
on the shore
At the stop
on the square
on the balcony
at the stadium
On the market
on the chair
on the couch
on the table
on the plate
on the mountain
on the island

And also the preposition “On” is used when we talk about cardinal directions:
In the south, in the north, in the west, in the east.

There are a number of exceptions to this rule. Here are some of them:
We use "B" when we talk about bodies of water (we mean being in water):
A fish swims in the river.
We are swimming in the lake.

"B" is also used with the word chair when talking about a person sitting in it. And with the word hand.
I like to sit in a comfortable chair.
Children are taught to hold a spoon in their hand.

We use the preposition “B” when we talk about an object located within another object. That is, the second one seems to be something closed, like a box. Or having clear boundaries.

For example:
in the apartment
in the house
in the country
in the park
in the garden

Exceptions:
at home
at the station
in stock
at the factory
at the factory
on the floor

If we are talking not about material objects, but about events, then most often we use the preposition “On”.
For example:
at the lesson
at the opera
at the exhibition

We can also say “at the opera,” but then the word “opera” moves from the category of an event to the category of a building with its walls and roof. That is, it would mean "in the opera house"

Exceptions:
on a trip
during a trip
on the road
on holiday
business trip
to the cinema

We cannot mention in this article absolutely all the exceptions associated with the use of prepositions, so you may encounter others that you just need to remember.

Good afternoon, dear student! Today I would like to pay attention to a topic that is not complicated, but causes difficulties for foreigners: prepositions. There are a lot of prepositions in the Russian language and each of them belongs to a specific group. We need prepositions to connect words in a sentence, in order to indicate a specific place, time, space, reason or purpose.

Today we will look at the prepositions that we use with interrogative words “where”, “where”, “from where”

With the question word “where” in Russian, two prepositions are usually used: “na” and “in”; how do you figure out when to use one of these prepositions? Usually, when talking about space, which implies that you need to be in it, inside, we use “in”, but if we are talking about space and mean something vast, wide, on the surface, usually not closed, then we use “on”, let's look at examples:

Where do you work? I work in a large office. Where do you work? I work in a big office

Where do you live? We live in a small apartment. Where do you live? We live in a small flat/appartment

Where was the concert? It took place at a large stadium in Moscow. Where was the concert? It has been held in a big stadium

Where kids play? They play on the playground near the house. Where the children play? They play on the playground near the house.

In these examples, the words “apartment” and “office” are closed spaces, so we use the preposition “in” in speech. And the words “stadium” and “ground” are open places on the surface of which people usually spend some time and usually not for that long, so we use the preposition “on.”

With the question word “where” we also use the prepositions “in” or “on”, but in this case the noun that comes after the preposition must be in the accusative case, for example:

Where are you going tonight with Anton? We are going to go to the new cafe Where are you going tonight with Anton? We are going to visit a new cafe.

Where did grandma go? She went to the street Where is granny? She went to the street

In these examples, the same principle of “closed” or “open” space is used, but if with the word “where” after the preposition there is a noun in the prepositional case, then in the case of the question “where”, we use nouns in the accusative case:

Went to the street (in Accusative case)
In a new cafe (in Accusative case)

In the case of the question word “from”, in Russian we usually use the prepositions “from” and “with”

In order to be able to correctly figure out which of these prepositions to use, let’s remember this rule:

If we talk about direction: where is it going? And then in the answer we use the preposition “in”, then the interrogative word “from where” will mean the opposite direction: go/return from where? Accordingly, in speech we must use the preposition “from”:

Where did she go? To Samara Where did she go? She went to Samara
Where did she come from? From Samara [Atkuda ana priekhala? Iz Samary] Where did she come from? From Samara

Remember that schematically these examples look like this: “in” - “from”

If the question is: Where did he go? The answer will contain the preposition “to”, then with the interrogative word “from”: Where did he come from? We must use the preposition "with". For example:

Where did he go so early? He went to work Where did he go so early? He went to work

Where did he come from so late? From work Where did he come so late? F rom work.

Schematically, these examples can be expressed as follows: “on” - “with”

Remember the words with which the preposition “from” is used:

From study room
From the restaurant
From the theater
From the city [Iz gorada] From the city

Words with which "s" is used:

From work
From the North
From the square

Remember that the word “stadium” with the preposition “with” and the question word “from” is not used; the letter “o” is added to the preposition:

Where are people coming from? From the stadium Wh here did this people come? From the stadium.

§1. General characteristics of prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are needed to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of some words on others. Prepositions can be used with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an unchangeable part of speech. A preposition is not a member of a sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional-case combination, during analysis, prepositions can be emphasized along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
• spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
• Causal: skip classes because of illnesses,
• target: come For participation in competitions and others.
  But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional-case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To to a friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help, thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

From the examples it is clear that prepositions To And thanks to are used only with nouns in d.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

From an educational point of view, prepositions are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by transitioning independent parts of speech into auxiliary parts. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological features of words are lost. Examples:
  Around parka is a preposition formed from an adverb around.
  During hour is a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help is a preposition formed from a gerund.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominal, and verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derivative prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Preposition structure

From a structural point of view, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

• Simple ones are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, above, contrary to, etc.
• Compounds are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Places by value

According to their meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, behind the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, about eight, by eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (object): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (targets): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. Mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character like his father, as tall as his father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, bicycle with motor, coffee with milk.

Prepositions can be unambiguous And polysemantic.

• Unambiguous: thanks to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Multi-valued: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V stripe - definitions)

Test of strength

Check your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are prepositions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • To connect simple sentences within complex ones
   • To express emotions

2. Is it possible to assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?

4. The preposition is quite curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be as complex as desired. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that” and others. Such prepositions consisting of several words are called compound prepositions. Naturally, they did not form in the Russian language right away: they began their development in the 19th – 20th centuries, when scientific literature and the media gained universal popularity. The relationships between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and are far from those used in the speech of “naive” native speakers.

   Various types of “new” specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: “because”, “on-over”, “from under”, etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: “by”, “as a consequence”, “in continuation”, etc.) even at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book “Alive as Life” gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic fairy tale “Red Rose”. The translation as a whole turned out to be good, but the language in which it was written was more like clerical language. Here is one of the fragments: “For lack of a red rose, my life is broken.” The publishing house told the official that such pretexts are unacceptable in a romantic story. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.

   A new round of popularity of compound prepositions occurred in the first decades of Soviet power, when all aspects of human life were subject to politicization. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people to use “clerical” pretexts even in everyday conversations.

   In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in action” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.

   By the way, the size of these “difficult” prepositions is sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and at the same time conjunction) is “accordingly”, it consists of 14 letters. This excuse is often used by teachers as well as employers.

   How to remember writing compound prepositions

   It is often difficult to write compound prepositions. For example, the ending for such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as for the one written together “as a result”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun is in the accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I’ll come at an hour”, “minute at a minute”) have the meaning of time, some lasting period. The simple preposition “in” in this case is synonymous with the expression “during”: “During the continuation of the conversation (that is, while the conversation continued), he did not mention the matter again.”

   At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “in what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text) the hero does this and that this and that."

   The preposition “despite” is also very often misspelled. Once upon a time, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, so it was written separately. But these days are long gone, and the preposition “despite” is written together.

   Some of the mistakes are astonishing. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or is about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?

   Writing derived prepositions

   Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to correctly write “an object (like) a cube”? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the intended preposition: “an object like a cube.” The meaning remains the same - this means that we have a derivative preposition that is written together. But “a problem (like) triangles” does not stand up to such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; This means that here there is a preposition and a noun, which are written separately (and the noun is also part of a stable phrase - the term “similarity of triangles”). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial “type”, as well as the conjunction “like”: “an object like a cube.” This preposition has its “double”: “In the genus Panthera of the Feline family there are four species - lion, tiger, jaguar and leopard.”

   The preposition “instead” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition “after” roughly corresponds to the simple preposition “on”: “We looked after the departing train” - “we looked at the departing train.” These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put money into my bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “have in mind."

   Prepositions	Difference from a combination of a noun and a preposition
   In view of(=because of, due to)	Keep in mind, in mind (= close, within sight)
   Like, like(=like)	Notice the similarity between mother and daughter.Sort of The Ivanovs are all blondes
   About(=o)	Put down the money on account in the bank
   Instead of(=for)	We entered the forest instead of where the sun's rays hardly penetrated
   Due to(=because of, due to)	As a consequence New documents have been added to this criminal case
   Following:We looked with slight sadness after the sailing ship sailing away	Grandfather looked closely follow an animal that recently ran through the snow
   Formed from adverbs: be inside Houses,go towards the wind, growing along roads and etc.	To the meeting classmates we get together every ten years

   Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It is not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although in the Old Russian language they may have existed. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to this group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “he goes to meet” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a noun with a preposition: “we are going to a high school reunion.”

   Why do so many people make mistakes when writing prepositions? Most likely, the matter is simple inattention - the writers do not understand the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of the language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can easily determine the correct spelling.

   Of course, in terms of uniqueness, any language is worthy of high marks. But can each of them boast of its richness of vocabulary, a gigantic set of grammatical forms, deep complex and simple syntax, majestic morphology? Prepositions in Russian provide a high rate of uniqueness.

   Special part of speech

   Prepositions in Russian are a separate part of speech. Their classes and ranks also require close attention.

   In modern Russian language there are 6 independent parts of speech:

   1. Noun.
   2. Verb.
   3. Adjective.
   4. Numeral.

   In addition to this group, linguists identify another one, which they called service parts of speech (p.p.). Its elements perform “minor” functions, but in higher language formations (syntax) their role is significantly higher, since without them it will not be possible to compose a sentence. This includes 3 main groups:

   • Union.
   • Particle.
   • Preposition (a special group of interjections is additionally distinguished).

   Of all the above, h.r. The third one is the most interesting. The preposition cannot answer any of the questions and is always written before the noun. At its core, it is a kind of glue or solution used to construct a syntactic whole (sentence). The text is built from sentences, which means that prepositions perform a very important function in the text. Thus, a definition can be formulated.

   A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech that serves to connect words in a sentence.

   Basic classifications

   Based on their origin and structure, derivative and non-derivative prepositions are distinguished. Non-derivatives have never been other parts of speech or their morphemes. Derivatives were formed by the transition of an independent part of speech into auxiliary ones. For the Russian language, this phenomenon is not rare and often happens when one part of speech gradually acquires the morphological characteristics of another. The phenomenon of part-time transition is constantly being studied by scientists. The main tool for such analysis is the identification of patterns in modern language processes.

   Based on their structure, there are groups of simple ones: in, under, on; and components: despite, in conclusion.

   To understand the writing of derivative prepositions and their homonymous forms, you need to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of their formation. You should find out with examples how homonymous forms should be written, how they are emphasized and how they differ from each other in writing. To do this you need to create a table.

   The data in the table indicate that it is necessary to distinguish between independent h.r. and derived prepositions, since this determines which part of the sentence the words are. If you determine the h.r. incorrectly, you can make a mistake in the end. This means that there is a risk of violating the rules for separating additions and circumstances.

   There are three types of derivatives:

   • Formed from a noun (by, in continuation).
   • Formed from an adverb (around, during, as a result of, in view of, about).
   • Formed from the gerund (thanks to, despite).

   It should be noted that, when moving from a noun, adverb or gerund, the word loses the morphological characteristics of independent verbs. It changes one morphological category to another. For example, gender, number, case, etc. are lost.

   Morphological analysis is a way to prove which h.r. is the word. Any of them has morphological characteristics (categories). You need to look at an example of such analysis.

   Morphological analysis consists of 3 actions:

   1. Definition of part of speech. General meaning.
   2. Determining the type of preposition - simple or compound, derivative or non-derivative.

   This is how an oral discussion is built. In practice (in writing) it looks like this:

   The earth is buried under the tall grass.

   1. Under - pretext.
   2. Buried (x) (under what?) underground.
   3. Morphological characteristics: simple, non-derivative.

   Until now, not everyone knows how a preposition is emphasized in a sentence, and it is graphically highlighted incorrectly. According to the generally accepted rule, it can only be denoted as a noun associated with it.

   If in a sentence the noun is an object (underlined by a dotted line), then the clause will be underlined in the same way (above the forest). If the noun in the sentence is a circumstance, then the item will be emphasized in the same way.

   Many people underline a clause in the same way as an adjective (with a wavy line) if it stands between a noun and a preposition. This is not true. It is always associated only with a noun and reflects the case form of this part of speech, but it is only connected with an adjective by its dependence on the noun.

   With what h.r. not used

   Since only nouns can be used with p., we can say that this quality extends to p. p., the morphological characteristics of which similar to a noun:

   • Pronoun (except adjective pronouns).
   • Participle.
   • Quantitative nouns.

   With these ch.r. a preposition can be combined, but there is never a connection with adjectives, adverbs, ordinal numbers. This is due to the fact that the above ch.r. in their morphological categories they are similar to the adjective, and the preposition does not depend on it.